
Chronic Granulomatous Disease: Navigating the Genetic Maze
An inherited immunodeficiency in which white blood cells cannot make the reactive oxygen species needed to kill bacteria and fungi, with notes on carriers.

MD · MBA
Physician specializing in genetic analysis and personalized preventive medicine, and author of Outsmart Your Genes.
Brandon Colby is a physician-expert in the fields of genetic analysis and Personalized Preventive Medicine. He holds an MD from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, an MBA from Stanford University's Graduate School of Business, and a degree in Genetics from the University of Michigan.
Dr. Colby is the author of the book Outsmart Your Genes and has developed numerous technologies that improve the analysis, interpretation, and actionability of genome sequencing data. He is an Affiliate Specialist of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), an Associate of the American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM), and a member of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC).
Articles by Brandon Colby, MD are reviewed for accuracy by Sequencing's medical and scientific team. This page is for informational purposes and does not constitute medical advice.

An inherited immunodeficiency in which white blood cells cannot make the reactive oxygen species needed to kill bacteria and fungi, with notes on carriers.

Low CoQ10 hampers mitochondrial energy production, causing muscle weakness and fatigue; a link with hereditary hemochromatosis and gene testing features.

COL4A1 and COL4A2 encode type IV collagen in vessel walls; mutations and duplications weaken cerebral vessels and can lead to stroke, hemorrhage and cognitive decline.

Most cases trace to CYP21A2 mutations causing 21-hydroxylase deficiency; over 100 known variants and technical limits explain some negative CAH results.

Missing vas deferens on both sides blocks sperm transport and causes male infertility; about 80% of men with CBAVD carry at least one CFTR mutation.

Toxic intermediates build up when bile acid production fails, so CBASD brings jaundice, poor growth and fat malabsorption in infancy; genetic testing can confirm it.

Without enough fibrinogen, blood cannot clot properly and bleeding episodes may be severe. Identifying the causative mutation shapes treatment and family counseling.

An underactive thyroid at birth can affect growth and neurodevelopment. Newborn screening finds it within days, and gene testing separates transient from permanent forms.