Faulty VMAT2 protein leaves dopamine and serotonin poorly packaged for release, producing movement and mood symptoms; testing can pinpoint the mutation behind BDSVTD.
Enlarged lymph nodes with fever, weight loss and fatigue mark Castleman-Kojima disease, also called iMCD, which appears in unicentric and multicentric forms.
Irregular heart rhythms triggered by exercise or emotion mark CPVT, caused by mutations affecting calcium handling in heart cells that electrocardiograms can miss.
Where CMT1 damages the myelin sheath, CMT2 damages the nerve fibers themselves; whole exome sequencing has widened the list of variants tied to the disease.
Foot deformities, walking difficulty and loss of sensation often appear in childhood with CMT4, a recessive group that includes SBF1-related CMT4B3.
Mutations on the X chromosome, usually in GJB1 encoding connexin 32, underlie CMTX; males are mainly affected and female carriers can have milder symptoms.
Limited eye movement alongside weakness that begins in childhood defines CARME, which appears when a child inherits two copies of the mutated gene.
About 5% of renal cell carcinomas are chromophobe, marked by large pale cells with perinuclear halos; genetic profiling separates its small-cell variant.