Case reports of late-onset retinitis pigmentosa and of siblings with an intron 7 change show how sequencing finds the GNPTG and GNPTAB mutations behind MLIII.
Recessive MMP2 mutations disturb bone and joint development, causing nodules, pain and stiffness that may be mistaken for juvenile idiopathic arthritis in MONA.
Also called minicore or multicore myopathy, this rare disorder brings muscle weakness, respiratory problems and skeletal deformities that sequencing can help confirm.
When myelodysplastic syndrome transforms into acute myeloid leukemia, testing for mutations such as GATA2 can reveal inherited susceptibility and guide treatment.
Lactic acid builds up when mitochondria cannot produce energy normally. MRI patterns and testing for EARS2, PDHA1, DGUOK or BCS1L variants point to the specific cause.
Involuntary muscle contractions and steady loss of brain tissue define this illness; testing can confirm it, identify at-risk relatives and inform prenatal screening.
EEG, MRI, retinal recordings and biopsy narrow the picture, but naming the gene tells a family which NCL type is present and how it is inherited.
Six or more permanent teeth never develop, excluding third molars, and dental radiographs plus whole-exome sequencing can establish the genetic cause.