
Decoding Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy, 47: The Role of Genetic Testing
Genotype-phenotype correlations are used in DEE47 to anticipate progression, choose among medications and weigh preimplantation genetic diagnosis with IVF.

MD · MBA
Physician specializing in genetic analysis and personalized preventive medicine, and author of Outsmart Your Genes.
Brandon Colby is a physician-expert in the fields of genetic analysis and Personalized Preventive Medicine. He holds an MD from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, an MBA from Stanford University's Graduate School of Business, and a degree in Genetics from the University of Michigan.
Dr. Colby is the author of the book Outsmart Your Genes and has developed numerous technologies that improve the analysis, interpretation, and actionability of genome sequencing data. He is an Affiliate Specialist of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), an Associate of the American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM), and a member of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC).
Articles by Brandon Colby, MD are reviewed for accuracy by Sequencing's medical and scientific team. This page is for informational purposes and does not constitute medical advice.

Genotype-phenotype correlations are used in DEE47 to anticipate progression, choose among medications and weigh preimplantation genetic diagnosis with IVF.

Several different genes can produce DEE48, so results are matched to symptoms before choosing antiepileptic drugs or assessing recurrence risk in a family.

Families facing DEE49 can use a genetic result to anticipate the course of the disorder, weigh antiepileptic options and judge risk in future pregnancies.

Linking a specific mutation to symptom severity shapes DEE51 care, from prognosis and drug selection to recurrence-risk counseling for future pregnancies.

Changes in the BCL11A gene affect central nervous system development and can cause developmental delays, intellectual disability and distinctive facial features.

Type 3 limits both adduction and abduction and can come with hearing loss; HOXA1 mutations were studied but found not to be a common cause of the Duane anomaly.

Muscle rigidity, twisting movements and sustained postures mark this childhood form; a study of 19 Indian families reported 23 variants used in diagnosis and counseling.

Vision loss from optic atrophy, basal ganglia changes and muscle contractions appear together early in life; whole exome sequencing found MECR mutations in one child.