
Unlocking the Mystery of Short Stature: The Power of Genetic Testing
Height below the third percentile for age and sex defines short stature, which can trace to genes affecting growth hormone, the IGF system or cartilage.

MD · MBA
Physician specializing in genetic analysis and personalized preventive medicine, and author of Outsmart Your Genes.
Brandon Colby is a physician-expert in the fields of genetic analysis and Personalized Preventive Medicine. He holds an MD from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, an MBA from Stanford University's Graduate School of Business, and a degree in Genetics from the University of Michigan.
Dr. Colby is the author of the book Outsmart Your Genes and has developed numerous technologies that improve the analysis, interpretation, and actionability of genome sequencing data. He is an Affiliate Specialist of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), an Associate of the American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM), and a member of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC).
Articles by Brandon Colby, MD are reviewed for accuracy by Sequencing's medical and scientific team. This page is for informational purposes and does not constitute medical advice.

Height below the third percentile for age and sex defines short stature, which can trace to genes affecting growth hormone, the IGF system or cartilage.

Discover the power of genetic testing in diagnosing shoulder girdle muscle weakness and related neuromuscular disorders, improving accuracy and guiding targeted treatments.

Partial slippage of the humeral head from the glenoid brings pain, weakness and limited motion after stroke; X-ray, MRI and ultrasound confirm shoulder subluxation.

Damage to the heart's natural pacemaker can cause dizziness, fatigue and fainting; emerin and ankyrin-B dysfunction are linked to this condition and atrial fibrillation.

Reduced eumelanin and increased pheomelanin, driven by MC1R variants, produce red hair and fair skin; sun protection and skin checks are set out as management.

Birth weight or length well below average for gestational age may persist as short stature, and exome sequencing can reveal monogenic causes of growth failure.

Bifid scrotum, as it is also called, may occur alone or with Klinefelter syndrome, micropenis or hypospadias, which karyotyping and gene testing can confirm.

Caused by Mycobacterium leprae, leprosy has been linked to variants such as CUBN, NEBL, LRRK2 and RIPK2 in some populations, while other associations were not confirmed.