Severe developmental delay, brain anomalies, heart defects and synpolydactyly have been tied to MAPKAPK5 and MED13L variants and to Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.
Platelets that fail to clump in response to ristocetin raise bleeding risk; Multiplate testing and variants in CYP2C19, ABCB1 and GNAS are all discussed.
Platelets that respond poorly to thromboxane A2 form clots less readily, raising bleeding risk. Platelet function tests and bleeding time help diagnose it.
Ferrochelatase deficiency lets protoporphyrin IX build up in red blood cells, and blood measurement, genetic testing and EPP monitoring during pregnancy are covered.
Thickening of the left ventricular wall traces back to sarcomeric gene mutations such as myosin heavy chain; cardiac MRI and family screening strategies are explained.
When an 11-to-14-week ultrasound shows a larger-than-expected fluid space at the fetal neck, combined first-trimester screening, NIPT, CVS or amniocentesis may follow.
Excess collagen stiffens the heart wall and limits pumping; the page covers echocardiography, cardiac MRI and biopsy, plus β-myosin heavy chain gene findings.
LVV inflames the large and medium-sized arteries; giant cell arteritis is a common type. Diagnosis uses clinical review, labs, imaging and sometimes biopsy.