Chromosome missegregation leaves tumor cells aneuploid, while somatic KRAS mutations and microsatellite instability shape prognosis and response to anti-PD-1 therapy.
Lynch syndrome raises the risk of both tumors, MLH1 promoter hypermethylation appears in 71% of endometrial carcinomas, and Bethesda criteria guide whom to evaluate.
Heavy protein loss in the urine, swelling and kidney failure appear within the first three months of life; genetic mutations account for many CINS cases.
Atrial and ventricular septal defects, pulmonary stenosis and tetralogy of Fallot can occur together in CHD8, sometimes with heterotaxy; DNA testing helps confirm it.
Multicolored deposits in the pre-Descemet layer point to PPPCD, an autosomal dominant dystrophy caused by PRDX3 mutations such as c.568G>C, seen on confocal microscopy.
Studies of eNOS, KLF-14, MTHFR and MiRNA-27a variants, plus six SNPs found in a Japanese cohort, inform risk assessment and family screening for this spasm type.
High LDL-C in FH raises coronary heart disease risk, yet a chromosome 6 locus tied to raised HDL-C may temper it. Diagnosis and genetic testing are described.
Unusual facial features, skeletal abnormalities and intellectual disability overlap other syndromes, so testing of NFIX, RSK2, FBRSL1 and RPS6KA3 is described.