Both parents must carry a mutated copy for a child to be affected in this form, which can involve a short segment, the whole colon or part of the small intestine.
Faulty homologous recombination genes sit behind Bloom Syndrome, Fanconi Anemia, Ataxia Telangiectasia and Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome, with carrier and prenatal testing.
Mutations in ABCC8 or KCNJ11 disturb the channel controlling insulin release, causing hypoglycemia and seizures in infancy, with a 50% inheritance risk.
Whether hyperinsulinism is dominant or recessive depends on how many gene copies carry a mutation. Targeted analysis, sequencing and microarray testing are compared.
Sparse hair, missing teeth and reduced sweating arise from gene mutations passed on in an autosomal dominant pattern, with a 50% chance for each child.
Two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent, bring sparse hair, abnormal teeth, dry skin and poor sweating. Biopsy and sweat tests support diagnosis.
Faulty phosphate regulation softens bone, giving short stature, bone pain, bowed legs, dental problems and fractures, with a 50% chance of passing HRD on.
Soft, weakened bones and skeletal deformity follow low phosphate in this recessive disorder. Clinical exam, blood and urine tests and DNA analysis confirm it.