
Cracking the Code: Understanding and Diagnosing Genetic Nephrolithiasis/Nephrocalcinosis
Kidney stones and calcium deposits sometimes run in families, tracing to CLCN5, SLC34A1 or SLC3A1 variants that upset how the kidneys handle minerals.

MD · MBA
Physician specializing in genetic analysis and personalized preventive medicine, and author of Outsmart Your Genes.
Brandon Colby is a physician-expert in the fields of genetic analysis and Personalized Preventive Medicine. He holds an MD from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, an MBA from Stanford University's Graduate School of Business, and a degree in Genetics from the University of Michigan.
Dr. Colby is the author of the book Outsmart Your Genes and has developed numerous technologies that improve the analysis, interpretation, and actionability of genome sequencing data. He is an Affiliate Specialist of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), an Associate of the American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM), and a member of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC).
Articles by Brandon Colby, MD are reviewed for accuracy by Sequencing's medical and scientific team. This page is for informational purposes and does not constitute medical advice.

Kidney stones and calcium deposits sometimes run in families, tracing to CLCN5, SLC34A1 or SLC3A1 variants that upset how the kidneys handle minerals.

X-linked recessive ATP7A mutations disrupt copper transport, causing seizures and developmental delay. Copper measurements and gene analysis together confirm it.

Developmental delay, early respiratory failure, myoclonic seizures and brain abnormalities mark NDDEMR; exome sequencing or a targeted gene panel confirms it.

Seizures, developmental delay and iron overload in the liver occur together in this rare disorder; imaging, iron studies and gene analysis are used to diagnose it.

Smaller head size with delayed speech, with or without brain abnormalities, is assessed by MRI and developmental testing before DNA analysis pinpoints the cause.

Epilepsy, developmental delay and autism spectrum features stem from mutations in the MTOR gene, and DNA analysis identifies the specific change behind them.

Damage spanning the nervous system, eyes and kidneys marks this X-linked recessive disorder, also called Lowe syndrome, and OCRL1 testing can confirm it.

Missing melanin in the skin, hair and eyes defines NSOCA. Eye, skin and hair examinations plus gene testing for diagnosis, carrier status and pregnancy are set out.