
Muscular Dystrophy-Dystroglycanopathy Type A5 Diagnosis
Clinical signs of type A5 overlap with other neuromuscular disorders, so molecular analysis is used to confirm the diagnosis and support genetic counseling.

MD · MBA
Physician specializing in genetic analysis and personalized preventive medicine, and author of Outsmart Your Genes.
Brandon Colby is a physician-expert in the fields of genetic analysis and Personalized Preventive Medicine. He holds an MD from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, an MBA from Stanford University's Graduate School of Business, and a degree in Genetics from the University of Michigan.
Dr. Colby is the author of the book Outsmart Your Genes and has developed numerous technologies that improve the analysis, interpretation, and actionability of genome sequencing data. He is an Affiliate Specialist of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), an Associate of the American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM), and a member of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC).
Articles by Brandon Colby, MD are reviewed for accuracy by Sequencing's medical and scientific team. This page is for informational purposes and does not constitute medical advice.

Clinical signs of type A5 overlap with other neuromuscular disorders, so molecular analysis is used to confirm the diagnosis and support genetic counseling.

Alpha-dystroglycan glycosylation defects in type A6 affect muscle, brain and eyes, and testing can distinguish it from other disorders with overlapping features.

A DAG1 variant disrupts proteins needed for muscle and brain development; in type B1, findings are linked to motor impairment, epilepsy and intellectual disability.

Changes affecting the dystroglycan complex cause the progressive muscle weakness and intellectual disability of type B3; carrier testing and PGD options are covered.

Muscle weakness from birth or early childhood without intellectual disability marks type B4, and confirming the gene mutation separates it from similar dystrophies.

Scarring of the nephrons leads to chronic kidney disease, and a reported XPNPEP3 mutation came with heart failure, widening the picture of what this disorder involves.

Variants in base excision repair pathway genes are linked to this susceptibility type, and the page weighs risk assessment, treatment planning and testing limits.

Cramps, wasting and reduced reflexes in the limbs start in childhood or early adulthood; a TRPV4 finding separates type 2C from similar neuromuscular conditions.