
Wisdom in Genes: Understanding Waardenburg Syndrome Type 2 Through Genetic Testing
Pigmentation changes and hearing loss in WS2 trace largely to MITF, including a two-base deletion that truncates the protein and shows reduced penetrance.

MD · MBA
Physician specializing in genetic analysis and personalized preventive medicine, and author of Outsmart Your Genes.
Brandon Colby is a physician-expert in the fields of genetic analysis and Personalized Preventive Medicine. He holds an MD from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, an MBA from Stanford University's Graduate School of Business, and a degree in Genetics from the University of Michigan.
Dr. Colby is the author of the book Outsmart Your Genes and has developed numerous technologies that improve the analysis, interpretation, and actionability of genome sequencing data. He is an Affiliate Specialist of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), an Associate of the American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM), and a member of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC).
Articles by Brandon Colby, MD are reviewed for accuracy by Sequencing's medical and scientific team. This page is for informational purposes and does not constitute medical advice.

Pigmentation changes and hearing loss in WS2 trace largely to MITF, including a two-base deletion that truncates the protein and shows reduced penetrance.

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Mainly affecting males, XLID-IGHD combines intellectual disability with growth hormone deficiency and short stature; a DLG3 mutation has been linked to the disorder.

Hearing impairment without other syndromic features, mostly in males, has been traced to a COL4A6 mutation affecting the cochlea; screening can identify carriers.

Both ovarian and testicular tissue can occur in a 46,XY individual; testing clarifies the variants involved and mosaic patterns such as 45,X/46,XY.

Amyloid-beta protein builds up in tissue, mainly the brain, when the APP gene is mutated, bringing cognitive decline and memory loss in this inherited disorder.

Autosomal dominant inheritance gives a 50% chance of passing on the APP mutation behind ABeta amyloidosis, Iowa type, a cerebral amyloid angiopathy.