Inherited mutations behind susceptibility to type 4 can prompt earlier screening, guide the use of PARP inhibitors and help relatives decide whether to be tested.
Among French Canadians a founder SDHC mutation points to PGL5, where tumors of the paraganglia are often benign but can turn malignant, so relatives may be screened.
Unlike idiopathic Parkinson's, this rare form is tied directly to mutations in SLC6A3, so DNA analysis can support diagnosis, treatment choices and genetic counseling.
Loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra brings tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia; this form is passed down in an autosomal dominant pattern.
Disruption of mitochondrial ribosomes by an ERAL1 mutation explains the ovarian dysgenesis and sensorineural deafness that mark this rare inherited syndrome.
Pigmented nodules in the adrenal glands drive cortisol overproduction in PPNAD3, a rare cause of Cushing's syndrome linked to PRKAR1A mutations and Carney Complex.
NRXN1 mutations underlie Pitt-Hopkins-like syndrome 2, where motor delays, speech impairments and behavioral challenges overlap with other neurodevelopmental disorders.
Stunted growth, delayed puberty, fatigue and low blood pressure can follow the shortage of several pituitary hormones in PHD6, where a ROBO1 mutation has been reported.