Loss of HMX1 function ties congenital cataracts, anterior segment dysgenesis and retinal dystrophy together in one rare disorder that testing can distinguish.
Nonspecific developmental symptoms often lead to misdiagnosis, so USP7 testing is what turns a suspected case of Hao-Fountain syndrome into a firm diagnosis.
Congenital anomalies of the heart and brain bring developmental delays and cardiovascular complications; variant testing can separate HBMS from overlapping syndromes.
Onset is usually in childhood or early adulthood, with symptoms worsening over time. HSP75 involves the SPG75 gene and the corticospinal tract, as a Mali study describes.
Where the heart, liver, spleen and intestines sit outside their usual positions, a biallelic DAND5 variant and impaired nodal signaling have been implicated.
YARS2 mutations disrupt mitochondrial protein synthesis in this syndrome, which brings hydrops fetalis, lactic acidosis, sideroblastic anemia and multisystem failure.
Excess aldosterone drives sodium retention, potassium loss and severe hypertension in this inherited disorder; mutation findings support treatment and relative screening.
Poor feeding, irritability and failure to thrive in an infant, with nephrocalcinosis or kidney stones, may prompt testing of calcium-handling genes to confirm the cause.