Group:Basic Diet

Low-fat Diet Effectiveness

Code:DietLowFat2Use

Connotation:good

General recommendation is to limit fat intake to 35% of total calories and to control saturated fat intake. A low-fat diet restricts fat intake to 20%, while increases protein and complex carbohydrate intake. Monitoring saturated fats is particularly important: at least 12% of daily calories should come from poly- and monounsaturated fats. The other 80% of calories in the diet come from carbohydrates and protein with general recommendations to consume about 55-60% of carbs and 20-25% of proteins. Low fat high protein diet is based on boosting protein intake to 40%, while decreasing carbohydrate intake to 40%. Numerous large-scale studies on weight loss found that people with variations in genes associated with sensitivity to fat (such as FTO, PPARG, APOA2, LIPC) are more responsive to low fat diets if their goal is weight loss.

Low-carb Diet Effectiveness

Code:DietLowCarb2Use

Connotation:good

Carbohydrates are the main fuel source, and they provide vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and fiber in the diet. While your body uses carbohydrates as its main fuel source, there are substantial health benefits to limiting your carbohydrate intake. There are two major types of carbohydrates, simple (bad) and complex (good). Simple carbohydrates include sugary foods, pasta, bread, and white rice. Complex carbohydrates are whole grains, and legumes, including brown rice, and whole wheat breads. It is beneficial to eat more complex carbohydrates. People with genetic variations in several genes associated with obesity, insulin sensitivity, and high levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) are more sensitive to carbohydrates in their diet. These people may benefit more from low carbohydrate diet that reduces the amount of calories from carbohydrates and consuming nearly equal proportions of fats and proteins. A low-carb diet restricts the type and amount of carbohydrates you eat. In general, a low-carb diet focuses on proteins, including meat, poultry, fish and eggs, and some nonstarchy vegetables. A low-carb diet generally excludes or limits most grains, legumes, fruits, breads, sweets, pastas and starchy vegetables, and sometimes nuts and seeds.

Group:Basic Fitness

Endurance

Code:FitnessEndurance

Connotation:good

Your muscle endurance measures your ability to repeat an activity for an extended period of time without getting tired. If your muscle structure favors endurance you have the potential to thrive in exercises that leverage your endurance. Cross-country skiing and push-ups are examples of endurance exercises.The intrinsic capacity to perform endurance exercise is influenced by a number of factors. First of all, endurance depends on the proportion of slow-twitch fibers in the skeletal muscle. Studies have identified a number of genetic variants associated with higher proportion of slow-twitch fibers, and higher oxygen supplies to muscle tissues. Slow twitch fibers are also called red fibers because they contain more blood-carrying myoglobin. The red muscles provide their own source of energy using oxidative phosphorylation to obtain ATP. Therefore, slow-twitch fibers can sustain force for an extended period of time.

Power

Code:FitnessPower

Connotation:good

Your muscle power measures the maximum amount of force you can exert in a limited period of time. When your muscle structure favors power exercises, you have the potential to exert substantial force in a short period of time. Olympic weight lifting is an example of a power exercise. The heritability of power/strength has been estimated to be up to 80% depending on the specific muscle type (isometric knee strength, handgrip strength, elbow flexion). Fast-twitch (Type II) fibers generate a relatively high amount of force in a short period of time. They are characterized by high force/power/speed, like the take-off motion in a sprint, but the fast-twitch muscle fibers experience fatigue faster. “Power” fibers have lower mitochondrial density, lower myoglobin levels but higher levels of stored glycogen as they primarily rely on glycosis (anaerobic respiration) to fuel muscle contractions. The glycolysis process is very quick yet it is also quite inefficient at producing ATP. Another drawback of glycolysis is that it produces lactic acid as a byproduct, which leads to muscle fatigue. This explains why fast twitching muscles tire out quicker. To evaluate your power profile predisposition likelihood Lifenome uses the most reliable genetic biomarkers that have been found to be associated with power/strength-related sports.

Group:Basic Nutrition

Vitamin A (Carotene) Deficiency

Code:SupplCarotene

Connotation:risky

Vitamin A, the group of fat-soluble vitamins, is essential for immune system functioning, reproduction, healthy vision, maintenance of strong bones and teeth, red blood cell production, tissue repair and skin health. Vitamin A comes in two forms: biologically active form, retinol, and pro-vitamin A carotenoids (including alpha- and beta-carotenes) that are converted into retinol. Carotenoids are important antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, and have tremendous protective benefits for heart conditions, respiratory problems, elevated glucose levels, and various other ailments. Alpha and beta-carotenes contribute to skin and hair health. Humans cannot produce carotenoids themselves and therefore need it directly from food sources. Carotenoids come from plant sources. Carotenoid-rich foods are often, but not always, have orange, bright red, or yellow colors. In fact, the word carotene comes from the Latin word for carrot. Genetic variants in CD36 and SCARB1 genes have been linked to lower levels of beta-carotene.

Vitamin D Deficiency

Code:SupplVitaminD2Use

Connotation:risky

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is critical to bone and muscle health, normal functioning of immune, endocrine and cardiovascular systems. Vitamin D can be synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight: it is metabolized into active form and regulates hundreds of genes by binding to vitamin D receptor (VDR). There is a steady increase in cases of severe vitamin D deficiencies in developed countries, mainly due to sun protection measures. Other factors that contribute to vitamin D deficiency include environmental conditions (air pollution, geographical locations), as well as dark skin, being over 50, family history of osteoporosis, excessive weight, and genetics. Large-scale studies identified genetics variants in several genes (including the vitamin binding receptor, VDR; vitamin binding protein GC, and NAD coenzyme) that contribute to vitamin D deficiencies.

Group:Basic Personality

Warrior Personality

Code:PersonalityWarrior

Connotation:good

Warrior have better stress resiliency, and higher pain threshold. In some circumstances, the warrior personality is associated with aggressiveness and violence when combined with trauma, drugs, or alcoholism. On a biochemical level, worrier personality is associated with two enzymes, MAOA and COMT that determine the levels of several neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. Neurotransmitters play a pivotal role in our reactions, moods and emotions. The MAOA has even been nicknamed the warrior gene and drew international attention a decade ago when it was reported that a common genetic variation to occur more common in Maori — the indigenous Polynesians of New Zealand — than in whites. A recent study demonstrated that Finnish criminals convicted of several violent crimes possessed this variant more frequently than nonviolent controls. Interestingly, a smaller study reported that the warrior genes often linked with aggression and alpha-male behavior in men might actually be the happiness genes for women.

Worrier Personality

Code:PersonalityWorrier

Connotation:risky

Worriers are more exploratory, have lower pain threshold and enhanced vulnerability to stress. They often give up when the going gets tough. Yet they may be more efficient processing information under most conditions. On a biochemical level, worrier personality is associated with lower COMT enzyme activity.

Group:Basic Skin Care

Sensitivity to Sun

Code:SkinSensitivity2Sun4Use

Connotation:risky

Humans vary over 1000-fold in their sensitivity to the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. Skin pigmentation, tanning ability and sensitivity to sun have high heritability. Several large-scale studies identified genetic variations that affect our skin sensitivity and tendency to get sun burns. The main determinants of sensitivity to sun are skin pigmentation genes (ASIP, TYR, MC1R, and OCA2) that are also associated with poor tanning. In addition, skin DNA repair genes are strongly associated with tendency to sun burns, and increased risk of melanoma. Interestingly, the DNA repair genes (NTM, ERCC1) have no association in either direction with tanning ability. This implies that there is a pigmentation-independent mechanism underlying sunburn reaction.

Skin Glycation

Code:SkinGlycation

Connotation:risky

Our bodies use glucose as its main source of fuel. If glucose is not metabolized properly, it can bind to skin’s collagen and elastin fibers forming abnormal cross-links. This leads to structural and functional tissue impairment which produces advanced glycation products (AGEs). This process, called glycation, is responsible in accelerated aging of the skin as it impairs skin’s ability to regenerate and self-repair. Glycation has been described as caramelization (hardening) of the skin from the inside out. The skin-damaging effects of glycation cause wrinkles, dryness, skin laxity. Scientific research identified several genetic variations in NAT2, GLO1, and AGER genes are associated with excessive glycation. A recent study found that the presence of slow NAT2 acetylator types correlates with higher levels of AGEs in their skin. Genetic variations in the glyoxalase 1 enzyme (GLO1) that protects cells from AGEs can lower their activity which leads to the build-up of AGEs. Another gene implicated in glycation and skin aging is AGER receptor. Binding of AGEs to AGER results in activation of collagen breakdown enzymes and the pro-inflammatory cytokines. In simpler terms, it leads to the breakdown of collagen in the skin prompting wrinkles and other complexities.

Group:Basic Diet

Low-fat Diet Effectiveness

Code:DietLowFat2Use

Connotation:good

General recommendation is to limit fat intake to 35% of total calories and to control saturated fat intake. A low-fat diet restricts fat intake to 20%, while increases protein and complex carbohydrate intake. Monitoring saturated fats is particularly important: at least 12% of daily calories should come from poly- and monounsaturated fats. The other 80% of calories in the diet come from carbohydrates and protein with general recommendations to consume about 55-60% of carbs and 20-25% of proteins. Low fat high protein diet is based on boosting protein intake to 40%, while decreasing carbohydrate intake to 40%. Numerous large-scale studies on weight loss found that people with variations in genes associated with sensitivity to fat (such as FTO, PPARG, APOA2, LIPC) are more responsive to low fat diets if their goal is weight loss.

Low-carb Diet Effectiveness

Code:DietLowCarb2Use

Connotation:good

Carbohydrates are the main fuel source, and they provide vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and fiber in the diet. While your body uses carbohydrates as its main fuel source, there are substantial health benefits to limiting your carbohydrate intake. There are two major types of carbohydrates, simple (bad) and complex (good). Simple carbohydrates include sugary foods, pasta, bread, and white rice. Complex carbohydrates are whole grains, and legumes, including brown rice, and whole wheat breads. It is beneficial to eat more complex carbohydrates. People with genetic variations in several genes associated with obesity, insulin sensitivity, and high levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) are more sensitive to carbohydrates in their diet. These people may benefit more from low carbohydrate diet that reduces the amount of calories from carbohydrates and consuming nearly equal proportions of fats and proteins. A low-carb diet restricts the type and amount of carbohydrates you eat. In general, a low-carb diet focuses on proteins, including meat, poultry, fish and eggs, and some nonstarchy vegetables. A low-carb diet generally excludes or limits most grains, legumes, fruits, breads, sweets, pastas and starchy vegetables, and sometimes nuts and seeds.

Group:Basic Fitness

Endurance

Code:FitnessEndurance

Connotation:good

Your muscle endurance measures your ability to repeat an activity for an extended period of time without getting tired. If your muscle structure favors endurance you have the potential to thrive in exercises that leverage your endurance. Cross-country skiing and push-ups are examples of endurance exercises.The intrinsic capacity to perform endurance exercise is influenced by a number of factors. First of all, endurance depends on the proportion of slow-twitch fibers in the skeletal muscle. Studies have identified a number of genetic variants associated with higher proportion of slow-twitch fibers, and higher oxygen supplies to muscle tissues. Slow twitch fibers are also called red fibers because they contain more blood-carrying myoglobin. The red muscles provide their own source of energy using oxidative phosphorylation to obtain ATP. Therefore, slow-twitch fibers can sustain force for an extended period of time.

Power

Code:FitnessPower

Connotation:good

Your muscle power measures the maximum amount of force you can exert in a limited period of time. When your muscle structure favors power exercises, you have the potential to exert substantial force in a short period of time. Olympic weight lifting is an example of a power exercise. The heritability of power/strength has been estimated to be up to 80% depending on the specific muscle type (isometric knee strength, handgrip strength, elbow flexion). Fast-twitch (Type II) fibers generate a relatively high amount of force in a short period of time. They are characterized by high force/power/speed, like the take-off motion in a sprint, but the fast-twitch muscle fibers experience fatigue faster. “Power” fibers have lower mitochondrial density, lower myoglobin levels but higher levels of stored glycogen as they primarily rely on glycosis (anaerobic respiration) to fuel muscle contractions. The glycolysis process is very quick yet it is also quite inefficient at producing ATP. Another drawback of glycolysis is that it produces lactic acid as a byproduct, which leads to muscle fatigue. This explains why fast twitching muscles tire out quicker. To evaluate your power profile predisposition likelihood Lifenome uses the most reliable genetic biomarkers that have been found to be associated with power/strength-related sports.

Group:Basic Nutrition

Vitamin A (Carotene) Deficiency

Code:SupplCarotene

Connotation:risky

Vitamin A, the group of fat-soluble vitamins, is essential for immune system functioning, reproduction, healthy vision, maintenance of strong bones and teeth, red blood cell production, tissue repair and skin health. Vitamin A comes in two forms: biologically active form, retinol, and pro-vitamin A carotenoids (including alpha- and beta-carotenes) that are converted into retinol. Carotenoids are important antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, and have tremendous protective benefits for heart conditions, respiratory problems, elevated glucose levels, and various other ailments. Alpha and beta-carotenes contribute to skin and hair health. Humans cannot produce carotenoids themselves and therefore need it directly from food sources. Carotenoids come from plant sources. Carotenoid-rich foods are often, but not always, have orange, bright red, or yellow colors. In fact, the word carotene comes from the Latin word for carrot. Genetic variants in CD36 and SCARB1 genes have been linked to lower levels of beta-carotene.

Vitamin D Deficiency

Code:SupplVitaminD2Use

Connotation:risky

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is critical to bone and muscle health, normal functioning of immune, endocrine and cardiovascular systems. Vitamin D can be synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight: it is metabolized into active form and regulates hundreds of genes by binding to vitamin D receptor (VDR). There is a steady increase in cases of severe vitamin D deficiencies in developed countries, mainly due to sun protection measures. Other factors that contribute to vitamin D deficiency include environmental conditions (air pollution, geographical locations), as well as dark skin, being over 50, family history of osteoporosis, excessive weight, and genetics. Large-scale studies identified genetics variants in several genes (including the vitamin binding receptor, VDR; vitamin binding protein GC, and NAD coenzyme) that contribute to vitamin D deficiencies.

Group:Basic Personality

Warrior Personality

Code:PersonalityWarrior

Connotation:good

Warrior have better stress resiliency, and higher pain threshold. In some circumstances, the warrior personality is associated with aggressiveness and violence when combined with trauma, drugs, or alcoholism. On a biochemical level, worrier personality is associated with two enzymes, MAOA and COMT that determine the levels of several neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. Neurotransmitters play a pivotal role in our reactions, moods and emotions. The MAOA has even been nicknamed the warrior gene and drew international attention a decade ago when it was reported that a common genetic variation to occur more common in Maori — the indigenous Polynesians of New Zealand — than in whites. A recent study demonstrated that Finnish criminals convicted of several violent crimes possessed this variant more frequently than nonviolent controls. Interestingly, a smaller study reported that the warrior genes often linked with aggression and alpha-male behavior in men might actually be the happiness genes for women.

Worrier Personality

Code:PersonalityWorrier

Connotation:risky

Worriers are more exploratory, have lower pain threshold and enhanced vulnerability to stress. They often give up when the going gets tough. Yet they may be more efficient processing information under most conditions. On a biochemical level, worrier personality is associated with lower COMT enzyme activity.

Group:Basic Skin Care

Sensitivity to Sun

Code:SkinSensitivity2Sun4Use

Connotation:risky

Humans vary over 1000-fold in their sensitivity to the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. Skin pigmentation, tanning ability and sensitivity to sun have high heritability. Several large-scale studies identified genetic variations that affect our skin sensitivity and tendency to get sun burns. The main determinants of sensitivity to sun are skin pigmentation genes (ASIP, TYR, MC1R, and OCA2) that are also associated with poor tanning. In addition, skin DNA repair genes are strongly associated with tendency to sun burns, and increased risk of melanoma. Interestingly, the DNA repair genes (NTM, ERCC1) have no association in either direction with tanning ability. This implies that there is a pigmentation-independent mechanism underlying sunburn reaction.

Skin Glycation

Code:SkinGlycation

Connotation:risky

Our bodies use glucose as its main source of fuel. If glucose is not metabolized properly, it can bind to skin’s collagen and elastin fibers forming abnormal cross-links. This leads to structural and functional tissue impairment which produces advanced glycation products (AGEs). This process, called glycation, is responsible in accelerated aging of the skin as it impairs skin’s ability to regenerate and self-repair. Glycation has been described as caramelization (hardening) of the skin from the inside out. The skin-damaging effects of glycation cause wrinkles, dryness, skin laxity. Scientific research identified several genetic variations in NAT2, GLO1, and AGER genes are associated with excessive glycation. A recent study found that the presence of slow NAT2 acetylator types correlates with higher levels of AGEs in their skin. Genetic variations in the glyoxalase 1 enzyme (GLO1) that protects cells from AGEs can lower their activity which leads to the build-up of AGEs. Another gene implicated in glycation and skin aging is AGER receptor. Binding of AGEs to AGER results in activation of collagen breakdown enzymes and the pro-inflammatory cytokines. In simpler terms, it leads to the breakdown of collagen in the skin prompting wrinkles and other complexities.

Group:Basic Diet

Low-fat Diet Effectiveness

Code:DietLowFat2Use

Connotation:good

General recommendation is to limit fat intake to 35% of total calories and to control saturated fat intake. A low-fat diet restricts fat intake to 20%, while increases protein and complex carbohydrate intake. Monitoring saturated fats is particularly important: at least 12% of daily calories should come from poly- and monounsaturated fats. The other 80% of calories in the diet come from carbohydrates and protein with general recommendations to consume about 55-60% of carbs and 20-25% of proteins. Low fat high protein diet is based on boosting protein intake to 40%, while decreasing carbohydrate intake to 40%. Numerous large-scale studies on weight loss found that people with variations in genes associated with sensitivity to fat (such as FTO, PPARG, APOA2, LIPC) are more responsive to low fat diets if their goal is weight loss.

Low-carb Diet Effectiveness

Code:DietLowCarb2Use

Connotation:good

Carbohydrates are the main fuel source, and they provide vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and fiber in the diet. While your body uses carbohydrates as its main fuel source, there are substantial health benefits to limiting your carbohydrate intake. There are two major types of carbohydrates, simple (bad) and complex (good). Simple carbohydrates include sugary foods, pasta, bread, and white rice. Complex carbohydrates are whole grains, and legumes, including brown rice, and whole wheat breads. It is beneficial to eat more complex carbohydrates. People with genetic variations in several genes associated with obesity, insulin sensitivity, and high levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) are more sensitive to carbohydrates in their diet. These people may benefit more from low carbohydrate diet that reduces the amount of calories from carbohydrates and consuming nearly equal proportions of fats and proteins. A low-carb diet restricts the type and amount of carbohydrates you eat. In general, a low-carb diet focuses on proteins, including meat, poultry, fish and eggs, and some nonstarchy vegetables. A low-carb diet generally excludes or limits most grains, legumes, fruits, breads, sweets, pastas and starchy vegetables, and sometimes nuts and seeds.

Group:Basic Fitness

Endurance

Code:FitnessEndurance

Connotation:good

Your muscle endurance measures your ability to repeat an activity for an extended period of time without getting tired. If your muscle structure favors endurance you have the potential to thrive in exercises that leverage your endurance. Cross-country skiing and push-ups are examples of endurance exercises.The intrinsic capacity to perform endurance exercise is influenced by a number of factors. First of all, endurance depends on the proportion of slow-twitch fibers in the skeletal muscle. Studies have identified a number of genetic variants associated with higher proportion of slow-twitch fibers, and higher oxygen supplies to muscle tissues. Slow twitch fibers are also called red fibers because they contain more blood-carrying myoglobin. The red muscles provide their own source of energy using oxidative phosphorylation to obtain ATP. Therefore, slow-twitch fibers can sustain force for an extended period of time.

Power

Code:FitnessPower

Connotation:good

Your muscle power measures the maximum amount of force you can exert in a limited period of time. When your muscle structure favors power exercises, you have the potential to exert substantial force in a short period of time. Olympic weight lifting is an example of a power exercise. The heritability of power/strength has been estimated to be up to 80% depending on the specific muscle type (isometric knee strength, handgrip strength, elbow flexion). Fast-twitch (Type II) fibers generate a relatively high amount of force in a short period of time. They are characterized by high force/power/speed, like the take-off motion in a sprint, but the fast-twitch muscle fibers experience fatigue faster. “Power” fibers have lower mitochondrial density, lower myoglobin levels but higher levels of stored glycogen as they primarily rely on glycosis (anaerobic respiration) to fuel muscle contractions. The glycolysis process is very quick yet it is also quite inefficient at producing ATP. Another drawback of glycolysis is that it produces lactic acid as a byproduct, which leads to muscle fatigue. This explains why fast twitching muscles tire out quicker. To evaluate your power profile predisposition likelihood Lifenome uses the most reliable genetic biomarkers that have been found to be associated with power/strength-related sports.

Group:Basic Nutrition

Vitamin A (Carotene) Deficiency

Code:SupplCarotene

Connotation:risky

Vitamin A, the group of fat-soluble vitamins, is essential for immune system functioning, reproduction, healthy vision, maintenance of strong bones and teeth, red blood cell production, tissue repair and skin health. Vitamin A comes in two forms: biologically active form, retinol, and pro-vitamin A carotenoids (including alpha- and beta-carotenes) that are converted into retinol. Carotenoids are important antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, and have tremendous protective benefits for heart conditions, respiratory problems, elevated glucose levels, and various other ailments. Alpha and beta-carotenes contribute to skin and hair health. Humans cannot produce carotenoids themselves and therefore need it directly from food sources. Carotenoids come from plant sources. Carotenoid-rich foods are often, but not always, have orange, bright red, or yellow colors. In fact, the word carotene comes from the Latin word for carrot. Genetic variants in CD36 and SCARB1 genes have been linked to lower levels of beta-carotene.

Vitamin D Deficiency

Code:SupplVitaminD2Use

Connotation:risky

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is critical to bone and muscle health, normal functioning of immune, endocrine and cardiovascular systems. Vitamin D can be synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight: it is metabolized into active form and regulates hundreds of genes by binding to vitamin D receptor (VDR). There is a steady increase in cases of severe vitamin D deficiencies in developed countries, mainly due to sun protection measures. Other factors that contribute to vitamin D deficiency include environmental conditions (air pollution, geographical locations), as well as dark skin, being over 50, family history of osteoporosis, excessive weight, and genetics. Large-scale studies identified genetics variants in several genes (including the vitamin binding receptor, VDR; vitamin binding protein GC, and NAD coenzyme) that contribute to vitamin D deficiencies.

Group:Basic Personality

Warrior Personality

Code:PersonalityWarrior

Connotation:good

Warrior have better stress resiliency, and higher pain threshold. In some circumstances, the warrior personality is associated with aggressiveness and violence when combined with trauma, drugs, or alcoholism. On a biochemical level, worrier personality is associated with two enzymes, MAOA and COMT that determine the levels of several neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. Neurotransmitters play a pivotal role in our reactions, moods and emotions. The MAOA has even been nicknamed the warrior gene and drew international attention a decade ago when it was reported that a common genetic variation to occur more common in Maori — the indigenous Polynesians of New Zealand — than in whites. A recent study demonstrated that Finnish criminals convicted of several violent crimes possessed this variant more frequently than nonviolent controls. Interestingly, a smaller study reported that the warrior genes often linked with aggression and alpha-male behavior in men might actually be the happiness genes for women.

Worrier Personality

Code:PersonalityWorrier

Connotation:risky

Worriers are more exploratory, have lower pain threshold and enhanced vulnerability to stress. They often give up when the going gets tough. Yet they may be more efficient processing information under most conditions. On a biochemical level, worrier personality is associated with lower COMT enzyme activity.

Group:Basic Skin Care

Sensitivity to Sun

Code:SkinSensitivity2Sun4Use

Connotation:risky

Humans vary over 1000-fold in their sensitivity to the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. Skin pigmentation, tanning ability and sensitivity to sun have high heritability. Several large-scale studies identified genetic variations that affect our skin sensitivity and tendency to get sun burns. The main determinants of sensitivity to sun are skin pigmentation genes (ASIP, TYR, MC1R, and OCA2) that are also associated with poor tanning. In addition, skin DNA repair genes are strongly associated with tendency to sun burns, and increased risk of melanoma. Interestingly, the DNA repair genes (NTM, ERCC1) have no association in either direction with tanning ability. This implies that there is a pigmentation-independent mechanism underlying sunburn reaction.

Skin Glycation

Code:SkinGlycation

Connotation:risky

Our bodies use glucose as its main source of fuel. If glucose is not metabolized properly, it can bind to skin’s collagen and elastin fibers forming abnormal cross-links. This leads to structural and functional tissue impairment which produces advanced glycation products (AGEs). This process, called glycation, is responsible in accelerated aging of the skin as it impairs skin’s ability to regenerate and self-repair. Glycation has been described as caramelization (hardening) of the skin from the inside out. The skin-damaging effects of glycation cause wrinkles, dryness, skin laxity. Scientific research identified several genetic variations in NAT2, GLO1, and AGER genes are associated with excessive glycation. A recent study found that the presence of slow NAT2 acetylator types correlates with higher levels of AGEs in their skin. Genetic variations in the glyoxalase 1 enzyme (GLO1) that protects cells from AGEs can lower their activity which leads to the build-up of AGEs. Another gene implicated in glycation and skin aging is AGER receptor. Binding of AGEs to AGER results in activation of collagen breakdown enzymes and the pro-inflammatory cytokines. In simpler terms, it leads to the breakdown of collagen in the skin prompting wrinkles and other complexities.

Group:Basic Diet

Low-fat Diet Effectiveness

Code:DietLowFat2Use

Connotation:good

General recommendation is to limit fat intake to 35% of total calories and to control saturated fat intake. A low-fat diet restricts fat intake to 20%, while increases protein and complex carbohydrate intake. Monitoring saturated fats is particularly important: at least 12% of daily calories should come from poly- and monounsaturated fats. The other 80% of calories in the diet come from carbohydrates and protein with general recommendations to consume about 55-60% of carbs and 20-25% of proteins. Low fat high protein diet is based on boosting protein intake to 40%, while decreasing carbohydrate intake to 40%. Numerous large-scale studies on weight loss found that people with variations in genes associated with sensitivity to fat (such as FTO, PPARG, APOA2, LIPC) are more responsive to low fat diets if their goal is weight loss.

Low-carb Diet Effectiveness

Code:DietLowCarb2Use

Connotation:good

Carbohydrates are the main fuel source, and they provide vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and fiber in the diet. While your body uses carbohydrates as its main fuel source, there are substantial health benefits to limiting your carbohydrate intake. There are two major types of carbohydrates, simple (bad) and complex (good). Simple carbohydrates include sugary foods, pasta, bread, and white rice. Complex carbohydrates are whole grains, and legumes, including brown rice, and whole wheat breads. It is beneficial to eat more complex carbohydrates. People with genetic variations in several genes associated with obesity, insulin sensitivity, and high levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) are more sensitive to carbohydrates in their diet. These people may benefit more from low carbohydrate diet that reduces the amount of calories from carbohydrates and consuming nearly equal proportions of fats and proteins. A low-carb diet restricts the type and amount of carbohydrates you eat. In general, a low-carb diet focuses on proteins, including meat, poultry, fish and eggs, and some nonstarchy vegetables. A low-carb diet generally excludes or limits most grains, legumes, fruits, breads, sweets, pastas and starchy vegetables, and sometimes nuts and seeds.

Group:Basic Fitness

Endurance

Code:FitnessEndurance

Connotation:good

Your muscle endurance measures your ability to repeat an activity for an extended period of time without getting tired. If your muscle structure favors endurance you have the potential to thrive in exercises that leverage your endurance. Cross-country skiing and push-ups are examples of endurance exercises.The intrinsic capacity to perform endurance exercise is influenced by a number of factors. First of all, endurance depends on the proportion of slow-twitch fibers in the skeletal muscle. Studies have identified a number of genetic variants associated with higher proportion of slow-twitch fibers, and higher oxygen supplies to muscle tissues. Slow twitch fibers are also called red fibers because they contain more blood-carrying myoglobin. The red muscles provide their own source of energy using oxidative phosphorylation to obtain ATP. Therefore, slow-twitch fibers can sustain force for an extended period of time.

Power

Code:FitnessPower

Connotation:good

Your muscle power measures the maximum amount of force you can exert in a limited period of time. When your muscle structure favors power exercises, you have the potential to exert substantial force in a short period of time. Olympic weight lifting is an example of a power exercise. The heritability of power/strength has been estimated to be up to 80% depending on the specific muscle type (isometric knee strength, handgrip strength, elbow flexion). Fast-twitch (Type II) fibers generate a relatively high amount of force in a short period of time. They are characterized by high force/power/speed, like the take-off motion in a sprint, but the fast-twitch muscle fibers experience fatigue faster. “Power” fibers have lower mitochondrial density, lower myoglobin levels but higher levels of stored glycogen as they primarily rely on glycosis (anaerobic respiration) to fuel muscle contractions. The glycolysis process is very quick yet it is also quite inefficient at producing ATP. Another drawback of glycolysis is that it produces lactic acid as a byproduct, which leads to muscle fatigue. This explains why fast twitching muscles tire out quicker. To evaluate your power profile predisposition likelihood Lifenome uses the most reliable genetic biomarkers that have been found to be associated with power/strength-related sports.

Group:Basic Nutrition

Vitamin A (Carotene) Deficiency

Code:SupplCarotene

Connotation:risky

Vitamin A, the group of fat-soluble vitamins, is essential for immune system functioning, reproduction, healthy vision, maintenance of strong bones and teeth, red blood cell production, tissue repair and skin health. Vitamin A comes in two forms: biologically active form, retinol, and pro-vitamin A carotenoids (including alpha- and beta-carotenes) that are converted into retinol. Carotenoids are important antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, and have tremendous protective benefits for heart conditions, respiratory problems, elevated glucose levels, and various other ailments. Alpha and beta-carotenes contribute to skin and hair health. Humans cannot produce carotenoids themselves and therefore need it directly from food sources. Carotenoids come from plant sources. Carotenoid-rich foods are often, but not always, have orange, bright red, or yellow colors. In fact, the word carotene comes from the Latin word for carrot. Genetic variants in CD36 and SCARB1 genes have been linked to lower levels of beta-carotene.

Vitamin D Deficiency

Code:SupplVitaminD2Use

Connotation:risky

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is critical to bone and muscle health, normal functioning of immune, endocrine and cardiovascular systems. Vitamin D can be synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight: it is metabolized into active form and regulates hundreds of genes by binding to vitamin D receptor (VDR). There is a steady increase in cases of severe vitamin D deficiencies in developed countries, mainly due to sun protection measures. Other factors that contribute to vitamin D deficiency include environmental conditions (air pollution, geographical locations), as well as dark skin, being over 50, family history of osteoporosis, excessive weight, and genetics. Large-scale studies identified genetics variants in several genes (including the vitamin binding receptor, VDR; vitamin binding protein GC, and NAD coenzyme) that contribute to vitamin D deficiencies.

Group:Basic Personality

Warrior Personality

Code:PersonalityWarrior

Connotation:good

Warrior have better stress resiliency, and higher pain threshold. In some circumstances, the warrior personality is associated with aggressiveness and violence when combined with trauma, drugs, or alcoholism. On a biochemical level, worrier personality is associated with two enzymes, MAOA and COMT that determine the levels of several neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. Neurotransmitters play a pivotal role in our reactions, moods and emotions. The MAOA has even been nicknamed the warrior gene and drew international attention a decade ago when it was reported that a common genetic variation to occur more common in Maori — the indigenous Polynesians of New Zealand — than in whites. A recent study demonstrated that Finnish criminals convicted of several violent crimes possessed this variant more frequently than nonviolent controls. Interestingly, a smaller study reported that the warrior genes often linked with aggression and alpha-male behavior in men might actually be the happiness genes for women.

Worrier Personality

Code:PersonalityWorrier

Connotation:risky

Worriers are more exploratory, have lower pain threshold and enhanced vulnerability to stress. They often give up when the going gets tough. Yet they may be more efficient processing information under most conditions. On a biochemical level, worrier personality is associated with lower COMT enzyme activity.

Group:Basic Skin Care

Sensitivity to Sun

Code:SkinSensitivity2Sun4Use

Connotation:risky

Humans vary over 1000-fold in their sensitivity to the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. Skin pigmentation, tanning ability and sensitivity to sun have high heritability. Several large-scale studies identified genetic variations that affect our skin sensitivity and tendency to get sun burns. The main determinants of sensitivity to sun are skin pigmentation genes (ASIP, TYR, MC1R, and OCA2) that are also associated with poor tanning. In addition, skin DNA repair genes are strongly associated with tendency to sun burns, and increased risk of melanoma. Interestingly, the DNA repair genes (NTM, ERCC1) have no association in either direction with tanning ability. This implies that there is a pigmentation-independent mechanism underlying sunburn reaction.

Skin Glycation

Code:SkinGlycation

Connotation:risky

Our bodies use glucose as its main source of fuel. If glucose is not metabolized properly, it can bind to skin’s collagen and elastin fibers forming abnormal cross-links. This leads to structural and functional tissue impairment which produces advanced glycation products (AGEs). This process, called glycation, is responsible in accelerated aging of the skin as it impairs skin’s ability to regenerate and self-repair. Glycation has been described as caramelization (hardening) of the skin from the inside out. The skin-damaging effects of glycation cause wrinkles, dryness, skin laxity. Scientific research identified several genetic variations in NAT2, GLO1, and AGER genes are associated with excessive glycation. A recent study found that the presence of slow NAT2 acetylator types correlates with higher levels of AGEs in their skin. Genetic variations in the glyoxalase 1 enzyme (GLO1) that protects cells from AGEs can lower their activity which leads to the build-up of AGEs. Another gene implicated in glycation and skin aging is AGER receptor. Binding of AGEs to AGER results in activation of collagen breakdown enzymes and the pro-inflammatory cytokines. In simpler terms, it leads to the breakdown of collagen in the skin prompting wrinkles and other complexities.

Group:Basic Diet

Low-fat Diet Effectiveness

Code:DietLowFat2Use

Connotation:good

General recommendation is to limit fat intake to 35% of total calories and to control saturated fat intake. A low-fat diet restricts fat intake to 20%, while increases protein and complex carbohydrate intake. Monitoring saturated fats is particularly important: at least 12% of daily calories should come from poly- and monounsaturated fats. The other 80% of calories in the diet come from carbohydrates and protein with general recommendations to consume about 55-60% of carbs and 20-25% of proteins. Low fat high protein diet is based on boosting protein intake to 40%, while decreasing carbohydrate intake to 40%. Numerous large-scale studies on weight loss found that people with variations in genes associated with sensitivity to fat (such as FTO, PPARG, APOA2, LIPC) are more responsive to low fat diets if their goal is weight loss.

Low-carb Diet Effectiveness

Code:DietLowCarb2Use

Connotation:good

Carbohydrates are the main fuel source, and they provide vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and fiber in the diet. While your body uses carbohydrates as its main fuel source, there are substantial health benefits to limiting your carbohydrate intake. There are two major types of carbohydrates, simple (bad) and complex (good). Simple carbohydrates include sugary foods, pasta, bread, and white rice. Complex carbohydrates are whole grains, and legumes, including brown rice, and whole wheat breads. It is beneficial to eat more complex carbohydrates. People with genetic variations in several genes associated with obesity, insulin sensitivity, and high levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) are more sensitive to carbohydrates in their diet. These people may benefit more from low carbohydrate diet that reduces the amount of calories from carbohydrates and consuming nearly equal proportions of fats and proteins. A low-carb diet restricts the type and amount of carbohydrates you eat. In general, a low-carb diet focuses on proteins, including meat, poultry, fish and eggs, and some nonstarchy vegetables. A low-carb diet generally excludes or limits most grains, legumes, fruits, breads, sweets, pastas and starchy vegetables, and sometimes nuts and seeds.

Group:Basic Fitness

Endurance

Code:FitnessEndurance

Connotation:good

Your muscle endurance measures your ability to repeat an activity for an extended period of time without getting tired. If your muscle structure favors endurance you have the potential to thrive in exercises that leverage your endurance. Cross-country skiing and push-ups are examples of endurance exercises.The intrinsic capacity to perform endurance exercise is influenced by a number of factors. First of all, endurance depends on the proportion of slow-twitch fibers in the skeletal muscle. Studies have identified a number of genetic variants associated with higher proportion of slow-twitch fibers, and higher oxygen supplies to muscle tissues. Slow twitch fibers are also called red fibers because they contain more blood-carrying myoglobin. The red muscles provide their own source of energy using oxidative phosphorylation to obtain ATP. Therefore, slow-twitch fibers can sustain force for an extended period of time.

Power

Code:FitnessPower

Connotation:good

Your muscle power measures the maximum amount of force you can exert in a limited period of time. When your muscle structure favors power exercises, you have the potential to exert substantial force in a short period of time. Olympic weight lifting is an example of a power exercise. The heritability of power/strength has been estimated to be up to 80% depending on the specific muscle type (isometric knee strength, handgrip strength, elbow flexion). Fast-twitch (Type II) fibers generate a relatively high amount of force in a short period of time. They are characterized by high force/power/speed, like the take-off motion in a sprint, but the fast-twitch muscle fibers experience fatigue faster. “Power” fibers have lower mitochondrial density, lower myoglobin levels but higher levels of stored glycogen as they primarily rely on glycosis (anaerobic respiration) to fuel muscle contractions. The glycolysis process is very quick yet it is also quite inefficient at producing ATP. Another drawback of glycolysis is that it produces lactic acid as a byproduct, which leads to muscle fatigue. This explains why fast twitching muscles tire out quicker. To evaluate your power profile predisposition likelihood Lifenome uses the most reliable genetic biomarkers that have been found to be associated with power/strength-related sports.

Group:Basic Nutrition

Vitamin A (Carotene) Deficiency

Code:SupplCarotene

Connotation:risky

Vitamin A, the group of fat-soluble vitamins, is essential for immune system functioning, reproduction, healthy vision, maintenance of strong bones and teeth, red blood cell production, tissue repair and skin health. Vitamin A comes in two forms: biologically active form, retinol, and pro-vitamin A carotenoids (including alpha- and beta-carotenes) that are converted into retinol. Carotenoids are important antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, and have tremendous protective benefits for heart conditions, respiratory problems, elevated glucose levels, and various other ailments. Alpha and beta-carotenes contribute to skin and hair health. Humans cannot produce carotenoids themselves and therefore need it directly from food sources. Carotenoids come from plant sources. Carotenoid-rich foods are often, but not always, have orange, bright red, or yellow colors. In fact, the word carotene comes from the Latin word for carrot. Genetic variants in CD36 and SCARB1 genes have been linked to lower levels of beta-carotene.

Vitamin D Deficiency

Code:SupplVitaminD2Use

Connotation:risky

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is critical to bone and muscle health, normal functioning of immune, endocrine and cardiovascular systems. Vitamin D can be synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight: it is metabolized into active form and regulates hundreds of genes by binding to vitamin D receptor (VDR). There is a steady increase in cases of severe vitamin D deficiencies in developed countries, mainly due to sun protection measures. Other factors that contribute to vitamin D deficiency include environmental conditions (air pollution, geographical locations), as well as dark skin, being over 50, family history of osteoporosis, excessive weight, and genetics. Large-scale studies identified genetics variants in several genes (including the vitamin binding receptor, VDR; vitamin binding protein GC, and NAD coenzyme) that contribute to vitamin D deficiencies.

Group:Basic Personality

Warrior Personality

Code:PersonalityWarrior

Connotation:good

Warrior have better stress resiliency, and higher pain threshold. In some circumstances, the warrior personality is associated with aggressiveness and violence when combined with trauma, drugs, or alcoholism. On a biochemical level, worrier personality is associated with two enzymes, MAOA and COMT that determine the levels of several neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. Neurotransmitters play a pivotal role in our reactions, moods and emotions. The MAOA has even been nicknamed the warrior gene and drew international attention a decade ago when it was reported that a common genetic variation to occur more common in Maori — the indigenous Polynesians of New Zealand — than in whites. A recent study demonstrated that Finnish criminals convicted of several violent crimes possessed this variant more frequently than nonviolent controls. Interestingly, a smaller study reported that the warrior genes often linked with aggression and alpha-male behavior in men might actually be the happiness genes for women.

Worrier Personality

Code:PersonalityWorrier

Connotation:risky

Worriers are more exploratory, have lower pain threshold and enhanced vulnerability to stress. They often give up when the going gets tough. Yet they may be more efficient processing information under most conditions. On a biochemical level, worrier personality is associated with lower COMT enzyme activity.

Group:Basic Skin Care

Sensitivity to Sun

Code:SkinSensitivity2Sun4Use

Connotation:risky

Humans vary over 1000-fold in their sensitivity to the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. Skin pigmentation, tanning ability and sensitivity to sun have high heritability. Several large-scale studies identified genetic variations that affect our skin sensitivity and tendency to get sun burns. The main determinants of sensitivity to sun are skin pigmentation genes (ASIP, TYR, MC1R, and OCA2) that are also associated with poor tanning. In addition, skin DNA repair genes are strongly associated with tendency to sun burns, and increased risk of melanoma. Interestingly, the DNA repair genes (NTM, ERCC1) have no association in either direction with tanning ability. This implies that there is a pigmentation-independent mechanism underlying sunburn reaction.

Skin Glycation

Code:SkinGlycation

Connotation:risky

Our bodies use glucose as its main source of fuel. If glucose is not metabolized properly, it can bind to skin’s collagen and elastin fibers forming abnormal cross-links. This leads to structural and functional tissue impairment which produces advanced glycation products (AGEs). This process, called glycation, is responsible in accelerated aging of the skin as it impairs skin’s ability to regenerate and self-repair. Glycation has been described as caramelization (hardening) of the skin from the inside out. The skin-damaging effects of glycation cause wrinkles, dryness, skin laxity. Scientific research identified several genetic variations in NAT2, GLO1, and AGER genes are associated with excessive glycation. A recent study found that the presence of slow NAT2 acetylator types correlates with higher levels of AGEs in their skin. Genetic variations in the glyoxalase 1 enzyme (GLO1) that protects cells from AGEs can lower their activity which leads to the build-up of AGEs. Another gene implicated in glycation and skin aging is AGER receptor. Binding of AGEs to AGER results in activation of collagen breakdown enzymes and the pro-inflammatory cytokines. In simpler terms, it leads to the breakdown of collagen in the skin prompting wrinkles and other complexities.