Group:Food Allergies

The reasons behind rise in food allergies are complex, and have to do with how the food processing has changed. Some people are more susceptible to food allergies and it is partly to do with genetics. The body’s immune system keeps you healthy by fighting off infections and other dangers to good health. A food allergy reaction occurs when your immune system overreacts to a food or a substance in a food, identifying it as a danger and triggering a protective response. Food allergy symptoms are most common in babies and children, but they can appear at any age. You can even develop an allergy to foods you have eaten for years with no problems. Learn more about your potential genetic predispositions for various food allergies. Remember that genetic predispositions do not always manifest in a specific allergy. Factors such as general health, immune system functioning, as well as other rare and yet unknown genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, have significant contributions too. On the other hand, knowing about your genetic predisposition will help you figure out unusual reactions and symptoms, and perhaps discuss with your physician on your next regular visit.  

General Food Sensitivities

Code:FoodSensitivityRisk

Connotation:risky

Over the past 20 years, food allergy has grown from a relatively uncommon condition to a major clinical and public health problem worldwide due to its increasing prevalence, potential fatality, as well as enormous medical and economic impact. Up to 15 million Americans have food allergies, and up to 1 in every 13 children (under 18 years of age) in the U.S may be affected by a food allergy. That is roughly two in every classroom. Researchers estimate that genetic factors may contribute to up to 80% of food allergies. However, genetic predisposition does not always manifest in a specific allergy. Factors such as general health, immune system functioning, as well as other rare and yet unknown genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, have significant contributions too. Clinical food allergy is defined as immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated clinical reactivity to specific food proteins, and several genetic variations associated with food allergies have been identified. A recent large-scale genome-wide study identified several genetic variants associated with at least one common food allergens.

The top 10 symptoms of food allergy, 30 minutes to 2 hours after ingesting a potential allergen include:

• Headache
• Lack of Attention/Focus
• Anxiety or Depression
• Bloating
• Gas
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Exhaustion
• Joint pain
• Skin Rash

Allergy to Peanuts

Code:AllergyPeanut

Connotation:risky

Peanut allergy is one of the most common food allergies. In the U.S., approximately three million people report allergies to peanuts and tree nuts. Peanut allergies may be triggered by even the slightest exposure and they are difficult to manage because peanut is used in a variety of food products. Symptoms of peanut allergy vary from a slightly itchy mouth or tingling sensation in or around the mouth or throat after eating peanuts to nausea and runny or congested nose to less common anaphylaxis, which is potentially life-threatening reaction that impairs breathing and can send the body into shock.

Based on recent studies, an estimated 25-40 percent of people who have peanut allergy also are allergic to tree nuts. In addition, peanuts and tree nuts often come into contact with one another during manufacturing and serving processes. For these reasons, allergists usually tell their patients with peanut allergy to avoid tree nuts as well. Research by the National Institutes of Health shows that about 20% of children with a peanut allergy outgrow it. Researchers estimated that genetics may account for up to 80% of peanut allergies.

Allergy to Milk

Code:AllergyMilk

Connotation:risky

Milk allergy symptoms (different from lactose intolerance) occur a few minutes to a few hours after drinking milk or eating milk products. Immediately after consuming milk, signs and symptoms of a milk allergy might include: hives, wheezing, vomiting. Signs and symptoms that may take more time to develop include: loose stools, which may contain blood, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, coughing or wheezing, runny nose, watery eyes, itchy skin rash, often around the mouth, and colic, in babies. Approximately 2.5 percent of children younger than three years of age are allergic to milk but over 80% of them outgrow it. Milk allergy differs from lactose intolerance. Unlike a milk allergy, lactose intolerance does not involve the immune system. However, they have common digestive symptoms, such as bloating, gas or diarrhea, after consuming milk and dairy products. Genetic variations associated with milk allergy have recently been identified in a large study. 

Allergy to Eggs

Code:AllergyEgg

Connotation:risky

The body immune system may see the egg protein as a foreign invader and attack it causing allergic reaction. Egg allergy symptoms usually occur a few minutes to a few hours after eating eggs or foods containing eggs, or even touching eggs for some people. Symptoms vary from mild to severe and can include skin rashes, hives, nasal congestion, and vomiting or other digestive problems.  Eggs are one of the most common allergy-causing foods for children. Experts estimate that as many as 2 percent of children are allergic to eggs. Fortunately, studies show that about 70 percent of children with an egg allergy will outgrow the condition by age 16. People with an allergy to chicken eggs may also be allergic to other types of eggs, such as goose, duck, turkey or quail.

Several genetic variations are associated with increased risk of egg allergy. Just like with other allergies, genetics is only part of the equation. The rates of allergy are increasing throughout the world, affecting up to 30-35% of people at some stage in their lives. Factors such as general health, immune system functioning, as well as other rare and yet unknown genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, have significant contributions too.

Gluten Sensitivity

Code:DietGlutenSensitivity

Connotation:risky

Gluten is a protein found primarily in grains (wheat, rye, barley). Gluten sensitivity may affect up to 6 percent of the population. It is sometimes called non-celiac gluten sensitivity to distinguish it from celiac disease, which is an autoimmune condition. After eating foods with gluten, people with gluten sensitivity can experience abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, and bloating. People sensitive to gluten can also experience other symptoms, such as fatigue, headaches, and joint pain. According to a recent survey, more than 30% of Americans actively try to avoid eating gluten. However, it is unclear whether this is warranted. A recent study found that among 400 individuals who thought they were gluten intolerant, only 55 people (14.5%) actually had an issue with gluten. In some cases, people who eliminate gluten may end up gaining weight because these foods often have more calories than their gluten-containing counterparts. 

Symptoms of Gluten Sensitivity include:

• Digestive issues such as gas, bloating, diarrhea and even constipation.
• Fatigue, brain fog or feeling tired after eating a meal that contains gluten.  
• Migraine headaches.
• Joint inflammation
• Anxiety, depression, mood swings and ADD.

Of course any of these symptoms in and of themselves are not a sufficient reason to suspect gluten sensitivity or intolerance. Several genetic variations were found more frequently in people with gluten sensitivity. 

Lactose Intolerance

Code:DietLactoseIntolerance

Connotation:risky

Lactose intolerance means that the body cannot easily digest lactose, which is a natural sugar found in milk and dairy products. Symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps, bloating and gas. For some people, these symptoms are very severe and their systems can not tolerate any lactose. For others, the symptoms are milder and they just have to limit the amount of dairy products they consume.

Lactose intolerance symptoms generally show themselves after ingestion of food containing lactose. These include:

• Milk, milkshakes and other milk-based beverages
• Whip cream and coffee creamer
• Ice cream, ice milk, and sherbet
• Cheese of all kinds  
• Butter
• Puddings and custards 
• Cream soups and cream sauces.

Lactose intolerance is a consequence of a deficiency of a lactase enzyme. This deficiency may be genetic or acquired. Interestingly, up to 65% world’s population have reduced ability to digest lactose. Two genetic variations have been frequently found in people (of European descent) who are lactose intolerant.

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Group:Indoor Allergies

Millions of people suffer year-round from allergy symptoms caused by indoor allergens. Although many indoor substances can trigger allergic symptoms, the most important indoor allergens are dust mites, pet dander, cockroaches, and molds. Unlike seasonal allergies such as hay fever, indoor allergies may last all year long. Explore how your genetics may predispose or protect you in the face of indoor allergens in this section.

Allergy to Mold

Code:AllergyMold

Connotation:risky

Mold are fungi that thrive both outside (in logs, fallen leaves, compost piles, grasses) and inside (in moist places like bathroom, kitchen, basement). There are many different types of mold, some are visible by eye, others are not. Molds make spores that float in the air like pollen. But unlike plants that produce pollen, mold do not die with the first frost. They simply slow down or stop growing during this time and they start growing in the spring. Some people are allergic to molds: when they inhale the spores they develop typical allergy symptoms. Genetic variations associated with allergies to two types of mold fungus (Cladosporium and Alternaria) have been identified.

Allergy to Pets

Code:AllergyPet

Connotation:risky

Pet allergy is an allergic reaction to proteins found in an animals skin cells, saliva or urine. Signs of pet allergy include those common to hay fever, such as sneezing and runny nose. Some people may also experience signs of asthma, such as wheezing and difficulty breathing. Most often, pet allergy is triggered by exposure to the dead flakes of skin (dander) a pet sheds. Any animal with fur can be a source of pet allergy, but pet allergies are most commonly associated with cats, dogs (as well as horses and rats). For a person with pet allergies, life in a dog-loving country is not easy. In 2012, over a third of the U.S. households had a dog. Dog dander gets everywhere, including places where dogs have never set a paw. According to the National Institutes of Health, detectable levels of pet dander are in every home in the U.S. Genetic variations in some genes have been identified to be associated with allergy to pets.

Allergy to Cockroaches

Code:Allergy2Cockroach

Connotation:risky

Cockroaches live in many locations around the world, in all types of buildings and all kinds of neighborhoods. The National Pest Management Association reports that over 60 percent of homes in the United States contain cockroach allergens. This number rises to 80-90 percent in urban areas. The saliva, feces and shedding body parts of cockroaches contain a protein that can trigger allergies and even asthma in some people. A cockroach allergy is a trigger of year-round allergy and asthma. Common cockroach allergy symptoms include runny stuffy or itchy nose, itchy or red eyes, skin rash, cough, mucus. People with some genetic variations have higher risk of developing allergies to cockroaches.

Allergy to Dust Mites

Code:AllergyMites

Connotation:risky

Dust mites are microscopic creatures, related to ticks and spiders that live in house dust. The proteins in dust mite body parts and feces cause allergic reactions in some people. Dust allergy symptoms are similar to those of pollen allergies and include red, itchy, watery eyes, runny, itchy, stuffy nose, sneezing. These symptoms persist all year round and feel like endless cold or even asthma. It is estimated that up to 20 million Americans have dust mite allergy. When inhaled, dust mite allergen triggers asthma attacks and is one of the most common causes of asthma attacks worldwide. This is primarily because dust mites are found nearly everywhere, especially indoors. All homes contain some amount of dust mites. Because dust mites feed on dead human skin, the allergen tends to be concentrated in mattresses, bedding, upholstered furniture, carpets. Pets contribute dander to the dust and increase the food source for mites. Several genetic variations have been found to be associated with increased risk of allergy to dust-mites.

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Group:Other Sensitivities

In addition to food, outdoor, indoor and chemical allergies and sensitivities, your genetic makeup can also influence other sensitivities that impact your life. Explore how your unique genetic makeup impacts your potential predisposition for motion sickness, seasonality, noise sensitivity, and noise-induced hearing loss in this section.

Resistance to Stomach Flu

Code:HealthNovoVirusResistance

Connotation:good

Stomach Flu, or Norovirus, is not really the flu but a viral gastroenteritis, and the major cause of foodborne illness worldwide, responsible for at least 50% of all gastroenteritis outbreaks in the United States. It is caused by a nasty bug and it is very contagious and causes unpleasant symptoms that include abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. It turns out that some people may be safer than most during the flu season. About 30 percent of people of European ancestry and 20 percent of people with African ancestry carry the specific version of the genetic variation on the FUT2 (secretor) gene that prevents the most common strain of Novovirus bug to enter their digestive tract. These lucky people are resistant to most common strain of stomach flu. Whether you have a typical predisposition to being infected by this bug or have genetic-based resistance, it is always a good idea to minimize the risks by following recommended procedures.

Seasonality

Code:Seasonality

Connotation:risky

Seasonality or Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is seasonal changes in mood and behavior. SAD begins and ends at about the same times every year. Study of over 4000 individuals (Australians and Amish) identified several genetic variants with small additive effects that are significantly associated with SAD.

Motion Sickness

Code:MotionSickness

Connotation:risky

Motion sickness (sometimes referred to as travel sickness) is a common condition that occurs in some people who travel by car, train, airplane or boat. Motion sickness is a general term, and the symptoms include nausea, dizziness, and fatigue. Roughly one in three individuals is susceptible to motion sickness, and almost two thirds report being sick in more sever conditions. About 7% of seagoing passengers report vomiting during the journey. Charles Darwin once wrote to his father: "The misery I endured from sea-sickness is far far beyond what I ever guessed at. If it was not for sea-sickness, the whole world would be sailors." Children, and older people are more susceptible to motion sickness, and women generally report more cases of motion sickness than men. Motion sickness happens when the body, the inner ear, and the eyes send conflicting signals to the brain. The first study on over 80 thousands individuals yielded genetic variants associated with motion sickness. The study reports that several genetic variants show up to three times stronger effects in women. Some genetic variations increase the likelihood of motion sickness, while other variants are protective. Interestingly, occurrences of motion sickness correlate with migraines, altitude sickness, morning sickness, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and poor sleeping.

Misophonia

Code:Misophonia

Connotation:risky

Misophonia is a sensitivity to chewing sounds (from the Greek meaning hatred of sound). It is a newly recognized condition that is characterized by feelings of rage triggered by small sounds: people munching, gum chewing, sipping, footsteps, humming, which are called `trigger sounds` misophonia community. The response can be an immediate and intense fight or flight feeling that creates panic and rage, and sufferers can become violent and emotionally explosive. Misophonia usually starts at late childhood. People who self-reported themselves as being sensitive to noise, frequently have a genetic variation in the gene TENM2 that plays a role in brain development.

Noise-induced hearing loss

Code:NoiseInducedHearingLoss

Connotation:risky

Noise induced hearing loss is a temporary or permanent hearing impairment resulting from prolonged exposure to high levels of noise. Excessive noise exposure is the most common cause of hearing loss. In modern society we are constantly bombarded by noises, on our headphones, TVs, or in the cities. When these sounds are at safe level they do not damage our hearing. But too loud sounds can damage inner ear and cause noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Noise is probably the most common occupational hazard facing people today. According to the National Institute on Deafness, "people of all ages, including children, teens, young adults, and older people, can develop NIHL. Approximately 15 percent of Americans between the ages of 20 and 69—or 26 million Americans—have hearing loss that may have been caused by exposure to noise at work or in leisure activities. As many as 16 percent of teens (ages 12 to 19) have reported some hearing loss that could have been caused by loud noise". While too loud noises are not good for anyone, studies identified genetic variations associated with increased risk of NIHL.

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Group:Outdoor Allergies

The most common sources of outdoor allergens are pollen, and include: Tree pollen, which are most common in the spring. Grass pollen, which are most common in the summer. Weed pollen, which are most common in the summer and fall. Ragweed pollen in particular is the most common cause of fall allergy symptoms. Explore your predisposition to and protection from common outdoor allergies in this section.

Mugwort Allergy Resistance

Code:AllergyArtemisia

Connotation:good

Mugwort is a perennial plant and a close relative of daisies, sunflowers, dandelions, and ragweed. Mugwort pollen is one of the main sources of hay fever and allergic asthma in North Europe, North America and parts of Asia. Mugwort allergy symptoms are almost identical to seasonal allergies (sneezing, coughing, redness of eyes, itching, skin rashes). Often, allergy to mugwort is preceded by oral allergy syndrome that causes itchiness or swelling of the mouth, face, lip after eating some foods that are cross-reacted with mugwort. In some cases, mugwort can cause severe skin rashes, eczema, asthma. Symptoms worsen during the mugwort pollen season that runs from late summer to fall. Recent studies identified genetic variations associated with significantly decreased risk of allergy to mugwort pollen. People with these genetic variations report significantly fewer cases of allergies mugwort pollen.

Hay Fever

Code:HayFever

Connotation:risky

Many different substances and pollen cause the allergic symptoms commonly called hay fever. While hay is not the only allergen that causes problems and it does not cause fever, this popular name appeared from early descriptions of sneezing, nasal congestion, and eye irritation while harvesting hay fields. The scientific term for it is allergic rhinitis that originates from rhino (nose). At peak seasons hay fever affects up to 30% of all people worldwide. Symptoms of hay fever often mimic those of chronic colds, and include nasal congestion, a runny nose with clear mucus, sneezing, nose, eye itching, excess tears. Hay fever can make you feel miserable, and generally interfere with your daily life affecting your performance at work or school. Large genome-wide association studies identified multiple genetic markers associated with hay fever.

Histamine Intolerance

Code:HistamineIntolerance

Connotation:risky

Histamine intolerance is caused by excess of histamine because of an impaired function of the histamine-degrading enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO) and histamine N-methyl transferase (HNMT) that regulates airway response to histamine. Histamine is produced as part of a local immune response to cause inflammation as a reaction to foreign particles (such as virus) or allergens (from plant pollen, dust mites, certain foods, food additives, alcohol). Histamine is also a neurotransmitter that conveys messages between neurons and it plays important role in regulating the permeability of the blood capillaries, and regulating levels of regulation of gastric acid. Histamine is present on our skin, lung and stomach. As a healthy reaction, histamine levels rise as a response to allergens present in air, environment, foods, drink. Under normal physiological conditions, excess of histamine is quickly degraded. When the degradation process is impaired, it leads to histamine intolerance. Genetic variants in the key degradation enzyme diamine oxidase DAO, and histamine N-methyl transferase (HMT) are associated with histamine intolerance.

Grass Allergy Resistance

Code:AllergyPoaceae

Connotation:good

Grass pollen is known to cause a variety of different allergic reactions. Grass pollen is most present in the air during the late spring and early summer months, and can cause allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and asthma. Direct skin contact with grass, from sitting in the grass or mowing the lawn, can cause itching, urticaria (also known as hives), and atopic dermatitis (eczema). Grass allergy can also be associated with fruit pollen syndrome resulting in food allergies to tomatoes, potatoes, and peaches.

A recent study identified genetic variations associated with lower incidents of grass allergy. This implies that these genetic variations are protective from grass allergies, and people who have these variations are less likely to develop allergies to poacea. True grasses (poaceae) are a family of plants to which a large part of the population is allergic. These plants are characterized by long and narrow cuts. Cultivated cereals such as wheat, oats, corn, rice are among the many true grasses species.

Birch Pollen Allergy Resistance

Code:AllergyBetulaceae

Connotation:good

Some people have genetic variations that make them more resistant towards birch pollen allergy. In other words, people with this genetic variations have lower incidents of allergies to birch (Betulaceae). Birch pollen is very allergenic pollen and is one of the main triggers of hay fever. In allergic people it can also cause an asthma attack, conjunctivitis, and oral allergy syndrome that causes an itchy mouth after eating raw fruits, vegetables, or nuts. Birch pollen cross-reacts with many fruits, vegetables and nuts, with apples being the most common cross-reaction associated with birch pollen.

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Group:Sensitivity to Chemicals

Chemical sensitivity can be triggered by toxic waste sites, basements, ventilation systems, industrial emissions, mold, bacteria, golfing (pesticides), painting, plastics, dentures, hearing aids--even jewelry. Our bodies developed a sophisticated system of enzyme pathways to eliminate external particles. Genetic variants in gene that code for the key enzymes may interfere with the detoxification process. In this section, explore your genetic predispositions for sensitivity to mercury, benzene, and PCB, and get actionable insights on how to deal with the exposures. 

Sensitivity to Mercury

Code:Sensitivity2Mercury

Connotation:risky

Mercury is a heavy metal found naturally in the environment. It is released into the air, water and soil by factories and coal-burning power plants. In water, mercury changes its form and becomes methylmercury which is absorbed by fish. When this fish comes to your table, you absorb the mercury that may accumulate in your body and become harmful at high levels. Young children and fetuses are particularly sensitive to mercury as their nervous systems is developing. Mercury can be toxic to gastrointestinal, and renal, and nervous systems. Mercury will leave the body over time in the urine, feces (and breast milk) but studies show that levels of mercury in human blood, hair depend on genetic variations.

Sensitivity to Benzene

Code:Sensitivity2Benzene

Connotation:risky

Benzene is an industrial chemical and a ubiquitous pollutant of air largely from manufacturing and motor vehicle exhaust. Benzene may irritate the nose and throat, case coughing, wheezing, headache, dizziness, and skin allergies. It is a documented carcinogen and it may target different organs, including liver, kidney, lung, heart and the brain. Many products such as adhesives, laundry detergents, nail polishes, synthetic fabrics, dyes, still contain some levels of benzene. About 50% of the benzene exposure in the US results from smoking tobacco or from second-hand smoke. The metabolism of benzene has been extensively investigated and the cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP2E1) plays a major role. Genetic variations in this enzyme as well as in the EPHX1 and NQO1 genes increase susceptibility to benzene toxicity.

Sensitivity to PCB

Code:Sensitivity2PCB

Connotation:risky

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of man-made chemicals. They are oily liquids or solids, clear to yellow in color, with no smell or taste. They have been long recognized as environmental pollutants that accumulate in humans with adverse health effects. PCBs have been linked to various cancers, problems with immune system and thyroid function, as well low birth weight, slowed growth and development in children. Manufacturing of PCBs was halted in the 70s but PCBs are still being released into the environment via hazardous waste sites, leaks, improper disposal. Since PCBs are found throughout the environment, it is likely that everyone has been exposed to them through food (fish and meats), water, and even old light fixtures. PCBs are easily absorbed by the body, and like other lipophilic compounds they have to be metabolized by the members of the cytochrome P450 system. People with lower activities of some cytochrome P450 enzymes may be under higher risk of PCB build-up due their slower excretion rates from the body.

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Group:Food Allergies

The reasons behind rise in food allergies are complex, and have to do with how the food processing has changed. Some people are more susceptible to food allergies and it is partly to do with genetics. The body’s immune system keeps you healthy by fighting off infections and other dangers to good health. A food allergy reaction occurs when your immune system overreacts to a food or a substance in a food, identifying it as a danger and triggering a protective response. Food allergy symptoms are most common in babies and children, but they can appear at any age. You can even develop an allergy to foods you have eaten for years with no problems. Learn more about your potential genetic predispositions for various food allergies. Remember that genetic predispositions do not always manifest in a specific allergy. Factors such as general health, immune system functioning, as well as other rare and yet unknown genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, have significant contributions too. On the other hand, knowing about your genetic predisposition will help you figure out unusual reactions and symptoms, and perhaps discuss with your physician on your next regular visit.  

General Food Sensitivities

Code:FoodSensitivityRisk

Connotation:risky

Over the past 20 years, food allergy has grown from a relatively uncommon condition to a major clinical and public health problem worldwide due to its increasing prevalence, potential fatality, as well as enormous medical and economic impact. Up to 15 million Americans have food allergies, and up to 1 in every 13 children (under 18 years of age) in the U.S may be affected by a food allergy. That is roughly two in every classroom. Researchers estimate that genetic factors may contribute to up to 80% of food allergies. However, genetic predisposition does not always manifest in a specific allergy. Factors such as general health, immune system functioning, as well as other rare and yet unknown genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, have significant contributions too. Clinical food allergy is defined as immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated clinical reactivity to specific food proteins, and several genetic variations associated with food allergies have been identified. A recent large-scale genome-wide study identified several genetic variants associated with at least one common food allergens.

The top 10 symptoms of food allergy, 30 minutes to 2 hours after ingesting a potential allergen include:

• Headache
• Lack of Attention/Focus
• Anxiety or Depression
• Bloating
• Gas
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Exhaustion
• Joint pain
• Skin Rash

Allergy to Peanuts

Code:AllergyPeanut

Connotation:risky

Peanut allergy is one of the most common food allergies. In the U.S., approximately three million people report allergies to peanuts and tree nuts. Peanut allergies may be triggered by even the slightest exposure and they are difficult to manage because peanut is used in a variety of food products. Symptoms of peanut allergy vary from a slightly itchy mouth or tingling sensation in or around the mouth or throat after eating peanuts to nausea and runny or congested nose to less common anaphylaxis, which is potentially life-threatening reaction that impairs breathing and can send the body into shock.

Based on recent studies, an estimated 25-40 percent of people who have peanut allergy also are allergic to tree nuts. In addition, peanuts and tree nuts often come into contact with one another during manufacturing and serving processes. For these reasons, allergists usually tell their patients with peanut allergy to avoid tree nuts as well. Research by the National Institutes of Health shows that about 20% of children with a peanut allergy outgrow it. Researchers estimated that genetics may account for up to 80% of peanut allergies.

Allergy to Milk

Code:AllergyMilk

Connotation:risky

Milk allergy symptoms (different from lactose intolerance) occur a few minutes to a few hours after drinking milk or eating milk products. Immediately after consuming milk, signs and symptoms of a milk allergy might include: hives, wheezing, vomiting. Signs and symptoms that may take more time to develop include: loose stools, which may contain blood, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, coughing or wheezing, runny nose, watery eyes, itchy skin rash, often around the mouth, and colic, in babies. Approximately 2.5 percent of children younger than three years of age are allergic to milk but over 80% of them outgrow it. Milk allergy differs from lactose intolerance. Unlike a milk allergy, lactose intolerance does not involve the immune system. However, they have common digestive symptoms, such as bloating, gas or diarrhea, after consuming milk and dairy products. Genetic variations associated with milk allergy have recently been identified in a large study. 

Allergy to Eggs

Code:AllergyEgg

Connotation:risky

The body immune system may see the egg protein as a foreign invader and attack it causing allergic reaction. Egg allergy symptoms usually occur a few minutes to a few hours after eating eggs or foods containing eggs, or even touching eggs for some people. Symptoms vary from mild to severe and can include skin rashes, hives, nasal congestion, and vomiting or other digestive problems.  Eggs are one of the most common allergy-causing foods for children. Experts estimate that as many as 2 percent of children are allergic to eggs. Fortunately, studies show that about 70 percent of children with an egg allergy will outgrow the condition by age 16. People with an allergy to chicken eggs may also be allergic to other types of eggs, such as goose, duck, turkey or quail.

Several genetic variations are associated with increased risk of egg allergy. Just like with other allergies, genetics is only part of the equation. The rates of allergy are increasing throughout the world, affecting up to 30-35% of people at some stage in their lives. Factors such as general health, immune system functioning, as well as other rare and yet unknown genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, have significant contributions too.

Gluten Sensitivity

Code:DietGlutenSensitivity

Connotation:risky

Gluten is a protein found primarily in grains (wheat, rye, barley). Gluten sensitivity may affect up to 6 percent of the population. It is sometimes called non-celiac gluten sensitivity to distinguish it from celiac disease, which is an autoimmune condition. After eating foods with gluten, people with gluten sensitivity can experience abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, and bloating. People sensitive to gluten can also experience other symptoms, such as fatigue, headaches, and joint pain. According to a recent survey, more than 30% of Americans actively try to avoid eating gluten. However, it is unclear whether this is warranted. A recent study found that among 400 individuals who thought they were gluten intolerant, only 55 people (14.5%) actually had an issue with gluten. In some cases, people who eliminate gluten may end up gaining weight because these foods often have more calories than their gluten-containing counterparts. 

Symptoms of Gluten Sensitivity include:

• Digestive issues such as gas, bloating, diarrhea and even constipation.
• Fatigue, brain fog or feeling tired after eating a meal that contains gluten.  
• Migraine headaches.
• Joint inflammation
• Anxiety, depression, mood swings and ADD.

Of course any of these symptoms in and of themselves are not a sufficient reason to suspect gluten sensitivity or intolerance. Several genetic variations were found more frequently in people with gluten sensitivity. 

Lactose Intolerance

Code:DietLactoseIntolerance

Connotation:risky

Lactose intolerance means that the body cannot easily digest lactose, which is a natural sugar found in milk and dairy products. Symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps, bloating and gas. For some people, these symptoms are very severe and their systems can not tolerate any lactose. For others, the symptoms are milder and they just have to limit the amount of dairy products they consume.

Lactose intolerance symptoms generally show themselves after ingestion of food containing lactose. These include:

• Milk, milkshakes and other milk-based beverages
• Whip cream and coffee creamer
• Ice cream, ice milk, and sherbet
• Cheese of all kinds  
• Butter
• Puddings and custards 
• Cream soups and cream sauces.

Lactose intolerance is a consequence of a deficiency of a lactase enzyme. This deficiency may be genetic or acquired. Interestingly, up to 65% world’s population have reduced ability to digest lactose. Two genetic variations have been frequently found in people (of European descent) who are lactose intolerant.

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Group:Indoor Allergies

Millions of people suffer year-round from allergy symptoms caused by indoor allergens. Although many indoor substances can trigger allergic symptoms, the most important indoor allergens are dust mites, pet dander, cockroaches, and molds. Unlike seasonal allergies such as hay fever, indoor allergies may last all year long. Explore how your genetics may predispose or protect you in the face of indoor allergens in this section.

Allergy to Mold

Code:AllergyMold

Connotation:risky

Mold are fungi that thrive both outside (in logs, fallen leaves, compost piles, grasses) and inside (in moist places like bathroom, kitchen, basement). There are many different types of mold, some are visible by eye, others are not. Molds make spores that float in the air like pollen. But unlike plants that produce pollen, mold do not die with the first frost. They simply slow down or stop growing during this time and they start growing in the spring. Some people are allergic to molds: when they inhale the spores they develop typical allergy symptoms. Genetic variations associated with allergies to two types of mold fungus (Cladosporium and Alternaria) have been identified.

Allergy to Pets

Code:AllergyPet

Connotation:risky

Pet allergy is an allergic reaction to proteins found in an animals skin cells, saliva or urine. Signs of pet allergy include those common to hay fever, such as sneezing and runny nose. Some people may also experience signs of asthma, such as wheezing and difficulty breathing. Most often, pet allergy is triggered by exposure to the dead flakes of skin (dander) a pet sheds. Any animal with fur can be a source of pet allergy, but pet allergies are most commonly associated with cats, dogs (as well as horses and rats). For a person with pet allergies, life in a dog-loving country is not easy. In 2012, over a third of the U.S. households had a dog. Dog dander gets everywhere, including places where dogs have never set a paw. According to the National Institutes of Health, detectable levels of pet dander are in every home in the U.S. Genetic variations in some genes have been identified to be associated with allergy to pets.

Allergy to Cockroaches

Code:Allergy2Cockroach

Connotation:risky

Cockroaches live in many locations around the world, in all types of buildings and all kinds of neighborhoods. The National Pest Management Association reports that over 60 percent of homes in the United States contain cockroach allergens. This number rises to 80-90 percent in urban areas. The saliva, feces and shedding body parts of cockroaches contain a protein that can trigger allergies and even asthma in some people. A cockroach allergy is a trigger of year-round allergy and asthma. Common cockroach allergy symptoms include runny stuffy or itchy nose, itchy or red eyes, skin rash, cough, mucus. People with some genetic variations have higher risk of developing allergies to cockroaches.

Allergy to Dust Mites

Code:AllergyMites

Connotation:risky

Dust mites are microscopic creatures, related to ticks and spiders that live in house dust. The proteins in dust mite body parts and feces cause allergic reactions in some people. Dust allergy symptoms are similar to those of pollen allergies and include red, itchy, watery eyes, runny, itchy, stuffy nose, sneezing. These symptoms persist all year round and feel like endless cold or even asthma. It is estimated that up to 20 million Americans have dust mite allergy. When inhaled, dust mite allergen triggers asthma attacks and is one of the most common causes of asthma attacks worldwide. This is primarily because dust mites are found nearly everywhere, especially indoors. All homes contain some amount of dust mites. Because dust mites feed on dead human skin, the allergen tends to be concentrated in mattresses, bedding, upholstered furniture, carpets. Pets contribute dander to the dust and increase the food source for mites. Several genetic variations have been found to be associated with increased risk of allergy to dust-mites.

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Group:Other Sensitivities

In addition to food, outdoor, indoor and chemical allergies and sensitivities, your genetic makeup can also influence other sensitivities that impact your life. Explore how your unique genetic makeup impacts your potential predisposition for motion sickness, seasonality, noise sensitivity, and noise-induced hearing loss in this section.

Resistance to Stomach Flu

Code:HealthNovoVirusResistance

Connotation:good

Stomach Flu, or Norovirus, is not really the flu but a viral gastroenteritis, and the major cause of foodborne illness worldwide, responsible for at least 50% of all gastroenteritis outbreaks in the United States. It is caused by a nasty bug and it is very contagious and causes unpleasant symptoms that include abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. It turns out that some people may be safer than most during the flu season. About 30 percent of people of European ancestry and 20 percent of people with African ancestry carry the specific version of the genetic variation on the FUT2 (secretor) gene that prevents the most common strain of Novovirus bug to enter their digestive tract. These lucky people are resistant to most common strain of stomach flu. Whether you have a typical predisposition to being infected by this bug or have genetic-based resistance, it is always a good idea to minimize the risks by following recommended procedures.

Seasonality

Code:Seasonality

Connotation:risky

Seasonality or Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is seasonal changes in mood and behavior. SAD begins and ends at about the same times every year. Study of over 4000 individuals (Australians and Amish) identified several genetic variants with small additive effects that are significantly associated with SAD.

Motion Sickness

Code:MotionSickness

Connotation:risky

Motion sickness (sometimes referred to as travel sickness) is a common condition that occurs in some people who travel by car, train, airplane or boat. Motion sickness is a general term, and the symptoms include nausea, dizziness, and fatigue. Roughly one in three individuals is susceptible to motion sickness, and almost two thirds report being sick in more sever conditions. About 7% of seagoing passengers report vomiting during the journey. Charles Darwin once wrote to his father: "The misery I endured from sea-sickness is far far beyond what I ever guessed at. If it was not for sea-sickness, the whole world would be sailors." Children, and older people are more susceptible to motion sickness, and women generally report more cases of motion sickness than men. Motion sickness happens when the body, the inner ear, and the eyes send conflicting signals to the brain. The first study on over 80 thousands individuals yielded genetic variants associated with motion sickness. The study reports that several genetic variants show up to three times stronger effects in women. Some genetic variations increase the likelihood of motion sickness, while other variants are protective. Interestingly, occurrences of motion sickness correlate with migraines, altitude sickness, morning sickness, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and poor sleeping.

Misophonia

Code:Misophonia

Connotation:risky

Misophonia is a sensitivity to chewing sounds (from the Greek meaning hatred of sound). It is a newly recognized condition that is characterized by feelings of rage triggered by small sounds: people munching, gum chewing, sipping, footsteps, humming, which are called `trigger sounds` misophonia community. The response can be an immediate and intense fight or flight feeling that creates panic and rage, and sufferers can become violent and emotionally explosive. Misophonia usually starts at late childhood. People who self-reported themselves as being sensitive to noise, frequently have a genetic variation in the gene TENM2 that plays a role in brain development.

Noise-induced hearing loss

Code:NoiseInducedHearingLoss

Connotation:risky

Noise induced hearing loss is a temporary or permanent hearing impairment resulting from prolonged exposure to high levels of noise. Excessive noise exposure is the most common cause of hearing loss. In modern society we are constantly bombarded by noises, on our headphones, TVs, or in the cities. When these sounds are at safe level they do not damage our hearing. But too loud sounds can damage inner ear and cause noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Noise is probably the most common occupational hazard facing people today. According to the National Institute on Deafness, "people of all ages, including children, teens, young adults, and older people, can develop NIHL. Approximately 15 percent of Americans between the ages of 20 and 69—or 26 million Americans—have hearing loss that may have been caused by exposure to noise at work or in leisure activities. As many as 16 percent of teens (ages 12 to 19) have reported some hearing loss that could have been caused by loud noise". While too loud noises are not good for anyone, studies identified genetic variations associated with increased risk of NIHL.

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Group:Outdoor Allergies

The most common sources of outdoor allergens are pollen, and include: Tree pollen, which are most common in the spring. Grass pollen, which are most common in the summer. Weed pollen, which are most common in the summer and fall. Ragweed pollen in particular is the most common cause of fall allergy symptoms. Explore your predisposition to and protection from common outdoor allergies in this section.

Mugwort Allergy Resistance

Code:AllergyArtemisia

Connotation:good

Mugwort is a perennial plant and a close relative of daisies, sunflowers, dandelions, and ragweed. Mugwort pollen is one of the main sources of hay fever and allergic asthma in North Europe, North America and parts of Asia. Mugwort allergy symptoms are almost identical to seasonal allergies (sneezing, coughing, redness of eyes, itching, skin rashes). Often, allergy to mugwort is preceded by oral allergy syndrome that causes itchiness or swelling of the mouth, face, lip after eating some foods that are cross-reacted with mugwort. In some cases, mugwort can cause severe skin rashes, eczema, asthma. Symptoms worsen during the mugwort pollen season that runs from late summer to fall. Recent studies identified genetic variations associated with significantly decreased risk of allergy to mugwort pollen. People with these genetic variations report significantly fewer cases of allergies mugwort pollen.

Hay Fever

Code:HayFever

Connotation:risky

Many different substances and pollen cause the allergic symptoms commonly called hay fever. While hay is not the only allergen that causes problems and it does not cause fever, this popular name appeared from early descriptions of sneezing, nasal congestion, and eye irritation while harvesting hay fields. The scientific term for it is allergic rhinitis that originates from rhino (nose). At peak seasons hay fever affects up to 30% of all people worldwide. Symptoms of hay fever often mimic those of chronic colds, and include nasal congestion, a runny nose with clear mucus, sneezing, nose, eye itching, excess tears. Hay fever can make you feel miserable, and generally interfere with your daily life affecting your performance at work or school. Large genome-wide association studies identified multiple genetic markers associated with hay fever.

Histamine Intolerance

Code:HistamineIntolerance

Connotation:risky

Histamine intolerance is caused by excess of histamine because of an impaired function of the histamine-degrading enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO) and histamine N-methyl transferase (HNMT) that regulates airway response to histamine. Histamine is produced as part of a local immune response to cause inflammation as a reaction to foreign particles (such as virus) or allergens (from plant pollen, dust mites, certain foods, food additives, alcohol). Histamine is also a neurotransmitter that conveys messages between neurons and it plays important role in regulating the permeability of the blood capillaries, and regulating levels of regulation of gastric acid. Histamine is present on our skin, lung and stomach. As a healthy reaction, histamine levels rise as a response to allergens present in air, environment, foods, drink. Under normal physiological conditions, excess of histamine is quickly degraded. When the degradation process is impaired, it leads to histamine intolerance. Genetic variants in the key degradation enzyme diamine oxidase DAO, and histamine N-methyl transferase (HMT) are associated with histamine intolerance.

Grass Allergy Resistance

Code:AllergyPoaceae

Connotation:good

Grass pollen is known to cause a variety of different allergic reactions. Grass pollen is most present in the air during the late spring and early summer months, and can cause allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and asthma. Direct skin contact with grass, from sitting in the grass or mowing the lawn, can cause itching, urticaria (also known as hives), and atopic dermatitis (eczema). Grass allergy can also be associated with fruit pollen syndrome resulting in food allergies to tomatoes, potatoes, and peaches.

A recent study identified genetic variations associated with lower incidents of grass allergy. This implies that these genetic variations are protective from grass allergies, and people who have these variations are less likely to develop allergies to poacea. True grasses (poaceae) are a family of plants to which a large part of the population is allergic. These plants are characterized by long and narrow cuts. Cultivated cereals such as wheat, oats, corn, rice are among the many true grasses species.

Birch Pollen Allergy Resistance

Code:AllergyBetulaceae

Connotation:good

Some people have genetic variations that make them more resistant towards birch pollen allergy. In other words, people with this genetic variations have lower incidents of allergies to birch (Betulaceae). Birch pollen is very allergenic pollen and is one of the main triggers of hay fever. In allergic people it can also cause an asthma attack, conjunctivitis, and oral allergy syndrome that causes an itchy mouth after eating raw fruits, vegetables, or nuts. Birch pollen cross-reacts with many fruits, vegetables and nuts, with apples being the most common cross-reaction associated with birch pollen.

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Group:Sensitivity to Chemicals

Chemical sensitivity can be triggered by toxic waste sites, basements, ventilation systems, industrial emissions, mold, bacteria, golfing (pesticides), painting, plastics, dentures, hearing aids--even jewelry. Our bodies developed a sophisticated system of enzyme pathways to eliminate external particles. Genetic variants in gene that code for the key enzymes may interfere with the detoxification process. In this section, explore your genetic predispositions for sensitivity to mercury, benzene, and PCB, and get actionable insights on how to deal with the exposures. 

Sensitivity to Mercury

Code:Sensitivity2Mercury

Connotation:risky

Mercury is a heavy metal found naturally in the environment. It is released into the air, water and soil by factories and coal-burning power plants. In water, mercury changes its form and becomes methylmercury which is absorbed by fish. When this fish comes to your table, you absorb the mercury that may accumulate in your body and become harmful at high levels. Young children and fetuses are particularly sensitive to mercury as their nervous systems is developing. Mercury can be toxic to gastrointestinal, and renal, and nervous systems. Mercury will leave the body over time in the urine, feces (and breast milk) but studies show that levels of mercury in human blood, hair depend on genetic variations.

Sensitivity to Benzene

Code:Sensitivity2Benzene

Connotation:risky

Benzene is an industrial chemical and a ubiquitous pollutant of air largely from manufacturing and motor vehicle exhaust. Benzene may irritate the nose and throat, case coughing, wheezing, headache, dizziness, and skin allergies. It is a documented carcinogen and it may target different organs, including liver, kidney, lung, heart and the brain. Many products such as adhesives, laundry detergents, nail polishes, synthetic fabrics, dyes, still contain some levels of benzene. About 50% of the benzene exposure in the US results from smoking tobacco or from second-hand smoke. The metabolism of benzene has been extensively investigated and the cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP2E1) plays a major role. Genetic variations in this enzyme as well as in the EPHX1 and NQO1 genes increase susceptibility to benzene toxicity.

Sensitivity to PCB

Code:Sensitivity2PCB

Connotation:risky

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of man-made chemicals. They are oily liquids or solids, clear to yellow in color, with no smell or taste. They have been long recognized as environmental pollutants that accumulate in humans with adverse health effects. PCBs have been linked to various cancers, problems with immune system and thyroid function, as well low birth weight, slowed growth and development in children. Manufacturing of PCBs was halted in the 70s but PCBs are still being released into the environment via hazardous waste sites, leaks, improper disposal. Since PCBs are found throughout the environment, it is likely that everyone has been exposed to them through food (fish and meats), water, and even old light fixtures. PCBs are easily absorbed by the body, and like other lipophilic compounds they have to be metabolized by the members of the cytochrome P450 system. People with lower activities of some cytochrome P450 enzymes may be under higher risk of PCB build-up due their slower excretion rates from the body.

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Group:Food Allergies

The reasons behind rise in food allergies are complex, and have to do with how the food processing has changed. Some people are more susceptible to food allergies and it is partly to do with genetics. The body’s immune system keeps you healthy by fighting off infections and other dangers to good health. A food allergy reaction occurs when your immune system overreacts to a food or a substance in a food, identifying it as a danger and triggering a protective response. Food allergy symptoms are most common in babies and children, but they can appear at any age. You can even develop an allergy to foods you have eaten for years with no problems. Learn more about your potential genetic predispositions for various food allergies. Remember that genetic predispositions do not always manifest in a specific allergy. Factors such as general health, immune system functioning, as well as other rare and yet unknown genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, have significant contributions too. On the other hand, knowing about your genetic predisposition will help you figure out unusual reactions and symptoms, and perhaps discuss with your physician on your next regular visit.  

General Food Sensitivities

Code:FoodSensitivityRisk

Connotation:risky

Over the past 20 years, food allergy has grown from a relatively uncommon condition to a major clinical and public health problem worldwide due to its increasing prevalence, potential fatality, as well as enormous medical and economic impact. Up to 15 million Americans have food allergies, and up to 1 in every 13 children (under 18 years of age) in the U.S may be affected by a food allergy. That is roughly two in every classroom. Researchers estimate that genetic factors may contribute to up to 80% of food allergies. However, genetic predisposition does not always manifest in a specific allergy. Factors such as general health, immune system functioning, as well as other rare and yet unknown genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, have significant contributions too. Clinical food allergy is defined as immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated clinical reactivity to specific food proteins, and several genetic variations associated with food allergies have been identified. A recent large-scale genome-wide study identified several genetic variants associated with at least one common food allergens.

The top 10 symptoms of food allergy, 30 minutes to 2 hours after ingesting a potential allergen include:

• Headache
• Lack of Attention/Focus
• Anxiety or Depression
• Bloating
• Gas
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Exhaustion
• Joint pain
• Skin Rash

Allergy to Peanuts

Code:AllergyPeanut

Connotation:risky

Peanut allergy is one of the most common food allergies. In the U.S., approximately three million people report allergies to peanuts and tree nuts. Peanut allergies may be triggered by even the slightest exposure and they are difficult to manage because peanut is used in a variety of food products. Symptoms of peanut allergy vary from a slightly itchy mouth or tingling sensation in or around the mouth or throat after eating peanuts to nausea and runny or congested nose to less common anaphylaxis, which is potentially life-threatening reaction that impairs breathing and can send the body into shock.

Based on recent studies, an estimated 25-40 percent of people who have peanut allergy also are allergic to tree nuts. In addition, peanuts and tree nuts often come into contact with one another during manufacturing and serving processes. For these reasons, allergists usually tell their patients with peanut allergy to avoid tree nuts as well. Research by the National Institutes of Health shows that about 20% of children with a peanut allergy outgrow it. Researchers estimated that genetics may account for up to 80% of peanut allergies.

Allergy to Milk

Code:AllergyMilk

Connotation:risky

Milk allergy symptoms (different from lactose intolerance) occur a few minutes to a few hours after drinking milk or eating milk products. Immediately after consuming milk, signs and symptoms of a milk allergy might include: hives, wheezing, vomiting. Signs and symptoms that may take more time to develop include: loose stools, which may contain blood, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, coughing or wheezing, runny nose, watery eyes, itchy skin rash, often around the mouth, and colic, in babies. Approximately 2.5 percent of children younger than three years of age are allergic to milk but over 80% of them outgrow it. Milk allergy differs from lactose intolerance. Unlike a milk allergy, lactose intolerance does not involve the immune system. However, they have common digestive symptoms, such as bloating, gas or diarrhea, after consuming milk and dairy products. Genetic variations associated with milk allergy have recently been identified in a large study. 

Allergy to Eggs

Code:AllergyEgg

Connotation:risky

The body immune system may see the egg protein as a foreign invader and attack it causing allergic reaction. Egg allergy symptoms usually occur a few minutes to a few hours after eating eggs or foods containing eggs, or even touching eggs for some people. Symptoms vary from mild to severe and can include skin rashes, hives, nasal congestion, and vomiting or other digestive problems.  Eggs are one of the most common allergy-causing foods for children. Experts estimate that as many as 2 percent of children are allergic to eggs. Fortunately, studies show that about 70 percent of children with an egg allergy will outgrow the condition by age 16. People with an allergy to chicken eggs may also be allergic to other types of eggs, such as goose, duck, turkey or quail.

Several genetic variations are associated with increased risk of egg allergy. Just like with other allergies, genetics is only part of the equation. The rates of allergy are increasing throughout the world, affecting up to 30-35% of people at some stage in their lives. Factors such as general health, immune system functioning, as well as other rare and yet unknown genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, have significant contributions too.

Gluten Sensitivity

Code:DietGlutenSensitivity

Connotation:risky

Gluten is a protein found primarily in grains (wheat, rye, barley). Gluten sensitivity may affect up to 6 percent of the population. It is sometimes called non-celiac gluten sensitivity to distinguish it from celiac disease, which is an autoimmune condition. After eating foods with gluten, people with gluten sensitivity can experience abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, and bloating. People sensitive to gluten can also experience other symptoms, such as fatigue, headaches, and joint pain. According to a recent survey, more than 30% of Americans actively try to avoid eating gluten. However, it is unclear whether this is warranted. A recent study found that among 400 individuals who thought they were gluten intolerant, only 55 people (14.5%) actually had an issue with gluten. In some cases, people who eliminate gluten may end up gaining weight because these foods often have more calories than their gluten-containing counterparts. 

Symptoms of Gluten Sensitivity include:

• Digestive issues such as gas, bloating, diarrhea and even constipation.
• Fatigue, brain fog or feeling tired after eating a meal that contains gluten.  
• Migraine headaches.
• Joint inflammation
• Anxiety, depression, mood swings and ADD.

Of course any of these symptoms in and of themselves are not a sufficient reason to suspect gluten sensitivity or intolerance. Several genetic variations were found more frequently in people with gluten sensitivity. 

Lactose Intolerance

Code:DietLactoseIntolerance

Connotation:risky

Lactose intolerance means that the body cannot easily digest lactose, which is a natural sugar found in milk and dairy products. Symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps, bloating and gas. For some people, these symptoms are very severe and their systems can not tolerate any lactose. For others, the symptoms are milder and they just have to limit the amount of dairy products they consume.

Lactose intolerance symptoms generally show themselves after ingestion of food containing lactose. These include:

• Milk, milkshakes and other milk-based beverages
• Whip cream and coffee creamer
• Ice cream, ice milk, and sherbet
• Cheese of all kinds  
• Butter
• Puddings and custards 
• Cream soups and cream sauces.

Lactose intolerance is a consequence of a deficiency of a lactase enzyme. This deficiency may be genetic or acquired. Interestingly, up to 65% world’s population have reduced ability to digest lactose. Two genetic variations have been frequently found in people (of European descent) who are lactose intolerant.

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Group:Indoor Allergies

Millions of people suffer year-round from allergy symptoms caused by indoor allergens. Although many indoor substances can trigger allergic symptoms, the most important indoor allergens are dust mites, pet dander, cockroaches, and molds. Unlike seasonal allergies such as hay fever, indoor allergies may last all year long. Explore how your genetics may predispose or protect you in the face of indoor allergens in this section.

Allergy to Mold

Code:AllergyMold

Connotation:risky

Mold are fungi that thrive both outside (in logs, fallen leaves, compost piles, grasses) and inside (in moist places like bathroom, kitchen, basement). There are many different types of mold, some are visible by eye, others are not. Molds make spores that float in the air like pollen. But unlike plants that produce pollen, mold do not die with the first frost. They simply slow down or stop growing during this time and they start growing in the spring. Some people are allergic to molds: when they inhale the spores they develop typical allergy symptoms. Genetic variations associated with allergies to two types of mold fungus (Cladosporium and Alternaria) have been identified.

Allergy to Pets

Code:AllergyPet

Connotation:risky

Pet allergy is an allergic reaction to proteins found in an animals skin cells, saliva or urine. Signs of pet allergy include those common to hay fever, such as sneezing and runny nose. Some people may also experience signs of asthma, such as wheezing and difficulty breathing. Most often, pet allergy is triggered by exposure to the dead flakes of skin (dander) a pet sheds. Any animal with fur can be a source of pet allergy, but pet allergies are most commonly associated with cats, dogs (as well as horses and rats). For a person with pet allergies, life in a dog-loving country is not easy. In 2012, over a third of the U.S. households had a dog. Dog dander gets everywhere, including places where dogs have never set a paw. According to the National Institutes of Health, detectable levels of pet dander are in every home in the U.S. Genetic variations in some genes have been identified to be associated with allergy to pets.

Allergy to Cockroaches

Code:Allergy2Cockroach

Connotation:risky

Cockroaches live in many locations around the world, in all types of buildings and all kinds of neighborhoods. The National Pest Management Association reports that over 60 percent of homes in the United States contain cockroach allergens. This number rises to 80-90 percent in urban areas. The saliva, feces and shedding body parts of cockroaches contain a protein that can trigger allergies and even asthma in some people. A cockroach allergy is a trigger of year-round allergy and asthma. Common cockroach allergy symptoms include runny stuffy or itchy nose, itchy or red eyes, skin rash, cough, mucus. People with some genetic variations have higher risk of developing allergies to cockroaches.

Allergy to Dust Mites

Code:AllergyMites

Connotation:risky

Dust mites are microscopic creatures, related to ticks and spiders that live in house dust. The proteins in dust mite body parts and feces cause allergic reactions in some people. Dust allergy symptoms are similar to those of pollen allergies and include red, itchy, watery eyes, runny, itchy, stuffy nose, sneezing. These symptoms persist all year round and feel like endless cold or even asthma. It is estimated that up to 20 million Americans have dust mite allergy. When inhaled, dust mite allergen triggers asthma attacks and is one of the most common causes of asthma attacks worldwide. This is primarily because dust mites are found nearly everywhere, especially indoors. All homes contain some amount of dust mites. Because dust mites feed on dead human skin, the allergen tends to be concentrated in mattresses, bedding, upholstered furniture, carpets. Pets contribute dander to the dust and increase the food source for mites. Several genetic variations have been found to be associated with increased risk of allergy to dust-mites.

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Group:Other Sensitivities

In addition to food, outdoor, indoor and chemical allergies and sensitivities, your genetic makeup can also influence other sensitivities that impact your life. Explore how your unique genetic makeup impacts your potential predisposition for motion sickness, seasonality, noise sensitivity, and noise-induced hearing loss in this section.

Resistance to Stomach Flu

Code:HealthNovoVirusResistance

Connotation:good

Stomach Flu, or Norovirus, is not really the flu but a viral gastroenteritis, and the major cause of foodborne illness worldwide, responsible for at least 50% of all gastroenteritis outbreaks in the United States. It is caused by a nasty bug and it is very contagious and causes unpleasant symptoms that include abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. It turns out that some people may be safer than most during the flu season. About 30 percent of people of European ancestry and 20 percent of people with African ancestry carry the specific version of the genetic variation on the FUT2 (secretor) gene that prevents the most common strain of Novovirus bug to enter their digestive tract. These lucky people are resistant to most common strain of stomach flu. Whether you have a typical predisposition to being infected by this bug or have genetic-based resistance, it is always a good idea to minimize the risks by following recommended procedures.

Seasonality

Code:Seasonality

Connotation:risky

Seasonality or Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is seasonal changes in mood and behavior. SAD begins and ends at about the same times every year. Study of over 4000 individuals (Australians and Amish) identified several genetic variants with small additive effects that are significantly associated with SAD.

Motion Sickness

Code:MotionSickness

Connotation:risky

Motion sickness (sometimes referred to as travel sickness) is a common condition that occurs in some people who travel by car, train, airplane or boat. Motion sickness is a general term, and the symptoms include nausea, dizziness, and fatigue. Roughly one in three individuals is susceptible to motion sickness, and almost two thirds report being sick in more sever conditions. About 7% of seagoing passengers report vomiting during the journey. Charles Darwin once wrote to his father: "The misery I endured from sea-sickness is far far beyond what I ever guessed at. If it was not for sea-sickness, the whole world would be sailors." Children, and older people are more susceptible to motion sickness, and women generally report more cases of motion sickness than men. Motion sickness happens when the body, the inner ear, and the eyes send conflicting signals to the brain. The first study on over 80 thousands individuals yielded genetic variants associated with motion sickness. The study reports that several genetic variants show up to three times stronger effects in women. Some genetic variations increase the likelihood of motion sickness, while other variants are protective. Interestingly, occurrences of motion sickness correlate with migraines, altitude sickness, morning sickness, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and poor sleeping.

Misophonia

Code:Misophonia

Connotation:risky

Misophonia is a sensitivity to chewing sounds (from the Greek meaning hatred of sound). It is a newly recognized condition that is characterized by feelings of rage triggered by small sounds: people munching, gum chewing, sipping, footsteps, humming, which are called `trigger sounds` misophonia community. The response can be an immediate and intense fight or flight feeling that creates panic and rage, and sufferers can become violent and emotionally explosive. Misophonia usually starts at late childhood. People who self-reported themselves as being sensitive to noise, frequently have a genetic variation in the gene TENM2 that plays a role in brain development.

Noise-induced hearing loss

Code:NoiseInducedHearingLoss

Connotation:risky

Noise induced hearing loss is a temporary or permanent hearing impairment resulting from prolonged exposure to high levels of noise. Excessive noise exposure is the most common cause of hearing loss. In modern society we are constantly bombarded by noises, on our headphones, TVs, or in the cities. When these sounds are at safe level they do not damage our hearing. But too loud sounds can damage inner ear and cause noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Noise is probably the most common occupational hazard facing people today. According to the National Institute on Deafness, "people of all ages, including children, teens, young adults, and older people, can develop NIHL. Approximately 15 percent of Americans between the ages of 20 and 69—or 26 million Americans—have hearing loss that may have been caused by exposure to noise at work or in leisure activities. As many as 16 percent of teens (ages 12 to 19) have reported some hearing loss that could have been caused by loud noise". While too loud noises are not good for anyone, studies identified genetic variations associated with increased risk of NIHL.

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Group:Outdoor Allergies

The most common sources of outdoor allergens are pollen, and include: Tree pollen, which are most common in the spring. Grass pollen, which are most common in the summer. Weed pollen, which are most common in the summer and fall. Ragweed pollen in particular is the most common cause of fall allergy symptoms. Explore your predisposition to and protection from common outdoor allergies in this section.

Mugwort Allergy Resistance

Code:AllergyArtemisia

Connotation:good

Mugwort is a perennial plant and a close relative of daisies, sunflowers, dandelions, and ragweed. Mugwort pollen is one of the main sources of hay fever and allergic asthma in North Europe, North America and parts of Asia. Mugwort allergy symptoms are almost identical to seasonal allergies (sneezing, coughing, redness of eyes, itching, skin rashes). Often, allergy to mugwort is preceded by oral allergy syndrome that causes itchiness or swelling of the mouth, face, lip after eating some foods that are cross-reacted with mugwort. In some cases, mugwort can cause severe skin rashes, eczema, asthma. Symptoms worsen during the mugwort pollen season that runs from late summer to fall. Recent studies identified genetic variations associated with significantly decreased risk of allergy to mugwort pollen. People with these genetic variations report significantly fewer cases of allergies mugwort pollen.

Hay Fever

Code:HayFever

Connotation:risky

Many different substances and pollen cause the allergic symptoms commonly called hay fever. While hay is not the only allergen that causes problems and it does not cause fever, this popular name appeared from early descriptions of sneezing, nasal congestion, and eye irritation while harvesting hay fields. The scientific term for it is allergic rhinitis that originates from rhino (nose). At peak seasons hay fever affects up to 30% of all people worldwide. Symptoms of hay fever often mimic those of chronic colds, and include nasal congestion, a runny nose with clear mucus, sneezing, nose, eye itching, excess tears. Hay fever can make you feel miserable, and generally interfere with your daily life affecting your performance at work or school. Large genome-wide association studies identified multiple genetic markers associated with hay fever.

Histamine Intolerance

Code:HistamineIntolerance

Connotation:risky

Histamine intolerance is caused by excess of histamine because of an impaired function of the histamine-degrading enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO) and histamine N-methyl transferase (HNMT) that regulates airway response to histamine. Histamine is produced as part of a local immune response to cause inflammation as a reaction to foreign particles (such as virus) or allergens (from plant pollen, dust mites, certain foods, food additives, alcohol). Histamine is also a neurotransmitter that conveys messages between neurons and it plays important role in regulating the permeability of the blood capillaries, and regulating levels of regulation of gastric acid. Histamine is present on our skin, lung and stomach. As a healthy reaction, histamine levels rise as a response to allergens present in air, environment, foods, drink. Under normal physiological conditions, excess of histamine is quickly degraded. When the degradation process is impaired, it leads to histamine intolerance. Genetic variants in the key degradation enzyme diamine oxidase DAO, and histamine N-methyl transferase (HMT) are associated with histamine intolerance.

Grass Allergy Resistance

Code:AllergyPoaceae

Connotation:good

Grass pollen is known to cause a variety of different allergic reactions. Grass pollen is most present in the air during the late spring and early summer months, and can cause allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and asthma. Direct skin contact with grass, from sitting in the grass or mowing the lawn, can cause itching, urticaria (also known as hives), and atopic dermatitis (eczema). Grass allergy can also be associated with fruit pollen syndrome resulting in food allergies to tomatoes, potatoes, and peaches.

A recent study identified genetic variations associated with lower incidents of grass allergy. This implies that these genetic variations are protective from grass allergies, and people who have these variations are less likely to develop allergies to poacea. True grasses (poaceae) are a family of plants to which a large part of the population is allergic. These plants are characterized by long and narrow cuts. Cultivated cereals such as wheat, oats, corn, rice are among the many true grasses species.

Birch Pollen Allergy Resistance

Code:AllergyBetulaceae

Connotation:good

Some people have genetic variations that make them more resistant towards birch pollen allergy. In other words, people with this genetic variations have lower incidents of allergies to birch (Betulaceae). Birch pollen is very allergenic pollen and is one of the main triggers of hay fever. In allergic people it can also cause an asthma attack, conjunctivitis, and oral allergy syndrome that causes an itchy mouth after eating raw fruits, vegetables, or nuts. Birch pollen cross-reacts with many fruits, vegetables and nuts, with apples being the most common cross-reaction associated with birch pollen.

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Group:Sensitivity to Chemicals

Chemical sensitivity can be triggered by toxic waste sites, basements, ventilation systems, industrial emissions, mold, bacteria, golfing (pesticides), painting, plastics, dentures, hearing aids--even jewelry. Our bodies developed a sophisticated system of enzyme pathways to eliminate external particles. Genetic variants in gene that code for the key enzymes may interfere with the detoxification process. In this section, explore your genetic predispositions for sensitivity to mercury, benzene, and PCB, and get actionable insights on how to deal with the exposures. 

Sensitivity to Mercury

Code:Sensitivity2Mercury

Connotation:risky

Mercury is a heavy metal found naturally in the environment. It is released into the air, water and soil by factories and coal-burning power plants. In water, mercury changes its form and becomes methylmercury which is absorbed by fish. When this fish comes to your table, you absorb the mercury that may accumulate in your body and become harmful at high levels. Young children and fetuses are particularly sensitive to mercury as their nervous systems is developing. Mercury can be toxic to gastrointestinal, and renal, and nervous systems. Mercury will leave the body over time in the urine, feces (and breast milk) but studies show that levels of mercury in human blood, hair depend on genetic variations.

Sensitivity to Benzene

Code:Sensitivity2Benzene

Connotation:risky

Benzene is an industrial chemical and a ubiquitous pollutant of air largely from manufacturing and motor vehicle exhaust. Benzene may irritate the nose and throat, case coughing, wheezing, headache, dizziness, and skin allergies. It is a documented carcinogen and it may target different organs, including liver, kidney, lung, heart and the brain. Many products such as adhesives, laundry detergents, nail polishes, synthetic fabrics, dyes, still contain some levels of benzene. About 50% of the benzene exposure in the US results from smoking tobacco or from second-hand smoke. The metabolism of benzene has been extensively investigated and the cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP2E1) plays a major role. Genetic variations in this enzyme as well as in the EPHX1 and NQO1 genes increase susceptibility to benzene toxicity.

Sensitivity to PCB

Code:Sensitivity2PCB

Connotation:risky

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of man-made chemicals. They are oily liquids or solids, clear to yellow in color, with no smell or taste. They have been long recognized as environmental pollutants that accumulate in humans with adverse health effects. PCBs have been linked to various cancers, problems with immune system and thyroid function, as well low birth weight, slowed growth and development in children. Manufacturing of PCBs was halted in the 70s but PCBs are still being released into the environment via hazardous waste sites, leaks, improper disposal. Since PCBs are found throughout the environment, it is likely that everyone has been exposed to them through food (fish and meats), water, and even old light fixtures. PCBs are easily absorbed by the body, and like other lipophilic compounds they have to be metabolized by the members of the cytochrome P450 system. People with lower activities of some cytochrome P450 enzymes may be under higher risk of PCB build-up due their slower excretion rates from the body.

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Group:Food Allergies

The reasons behind rise in food allergies are complex, and have to do with how the food processing has changed. Some people are more susceptible to food allergies and it is partly to do with genetics. The body’s immune system keeps you healthy by fighting off infections and other dangers to good health. A food allergy reaction occurs when your immune system overreacts to a food or a substance in a food, identifying it as a danger and triggering a protective response. Food allergy symptoms are most common in babies and children, but they can appear at any age. You can even develop an allergy to foods you have eaten for years with no problems. Learn more about your potential genetic predispositions for various food allergies. Remember that genetic predispositions do not always manifest in a specific allergy. Factors such as general health, immune system functioning, as well as other rare and yet unknown genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, have significant contributions too. On the other hand, knowing about your genetic predisposition will help you figure out unusual reactions and symptoms, and perhaps discuss with your physician on your next regular visit.  

General Food Sensitivities

Code:FoodSensitivityRisk

Connotation:risky

Over the past 20 years, food allergy has grown from a relatively uncommon condition to a major clinical and public health problem worldwide due to its increasing prevalence, potential fatality, as well as enormous medical and economic impact. Up to 15 million Americans have food allergies, and up to 1 in every 13 children (under 18 years of age) in the U.S may be affected by a food allergy. That is roughly two in every classroom. Researchers estimate that genetic factors may contribute to up to 80% of food allergies. However, genetic predisposition does not always manifest in a specific allergy. Factors such as general health, immune system functioning, as well as other rare and yet unknown genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, have significant contributions too. Clinical food allergy is defined as immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated clinical reactivity to specific food proteins, and several genetic variations associated with food allergies have been identified. A recent large-scale genome-wide study identified several genetic variants associated with at least one common food allergens.

The top 10 symptoms of food allergy, 30 minutes to 2 hours after ingesting a potential allergen include:

• Headache
• Lack of Attention/Focus
• Anxiety or Depression
• Bloating
• Gas
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Exhaustion
• Joint pain
• Skin Rash

Allergy to Peanuts

Code:AllergyPeanut

Connotation:risky

Peanut allergy is one of the most common food allergies. In the U.S., approximately three million people report allergies to peanuts and tree nuts. Peanut allergies may be triggered by even the slightest exposure and they are difficult to manage because peanut is used in a variety of food products. Symptoms of peanut allergy vary from a slightly itchy mouth or tingling sensation in or around the mouth or throat after eating peanuts to nausea and runny or congested nose to less common anaphylaxis, which is potentially life-threatening reaction that impairs breathing and can send the body into shock.

Based on recent studies, an estimated 25-40 percent of people who have peanut allergy also are allergic to tree nuts. In addition, peanuts and tree nuts often come into contact with one another during manufacturing and serving processes. For these reasons, allergists usually tell their patients with peanut allergy to avoid tree nuts as well. Research by the National Institutes of Health shows that about 20% of children with a peanut allergy outgrow it. Researchers estimated that genetics may account for up to 80% of peanut allergies.

Allergy to Milk

Code:AllergyMilk

Connotation:risky

Milk allergy symptoms (different from lactose intolerance) occur a few minutes to a few hours after drinking milk or eating milk products. Immediately after consuming milk, signs and symptoms of a milk allergy might include: hives, wheezing, vomiting. Signs and symptoms that may take more time to develop include: loose stools, which may contain blood, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, coughing or wheezing, runny nose, watery eyes, itchy skin rash, often around the mouth, and colic, in babies. Approximately 2.5 percent of children younger than three years of age are allergic to milk but over 80% of them outgrow it. Milk allergy differs from lactose intolerance. Unlike a milk allergy, lactose intolerance does not involve the immune system. However, they have common digestive symptoms, such as bloating, gas or diarrhea, after consuming milk and dairy products. Genetic variations associated with milk allergy have recently been identified in a large study. 

Allergy to Eggs

Code:AllergyEgg

Connotation:risky

The body immune system may see the egg protein as a foreign invader and attack it causing allergic reaction. Egg allergy symptoms usually occur a few minutes to a few hours after eating eggs or foods containing eggs, or even touching eggs for some people. Symptoms vary from mild to severe and can include skin rashes, hives, nasal congestion, and vomiting or other digestive problems.  Eggs are one of the most common allergy-causing foods for children. Experts estimate that as many as 2 percent of children are allergic to eggs. Fortunately, studies show that about 70 percent of children with an egg allergy will outgrow the condition by age 16. People with an allergy to chicken eggs may also be allergic to other types of eggs, such as goose, duck, turkey or quail.

Several genetic variations are associated with increased risk of egg allergy. Just like with other allergies, genetics is only part of the equation. The rates of allergy are increasing throughout the world, affecting up to 30-35% of people at some stage in their lives. Factors such as general health, immune system functioning, as well as other rare and yet unknown genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, have significant contributions too.

Gluten Sensitivity

Code:DietGlutenSensitivity

Connotation:risky

Gluten is a protein found primarily in grains (wheat, rye, barley). Gluten sensitivity may affect up to 6 percent of the population. It is sometimes called non-celiac gluten sensitivity to distinguish it from celiac disease, which is an autoimmune condition. After eating foods with gluten, people with gluten sensitivity can experience abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, and bloating. People sensitive to gluten can also experience other symptoms, such as fatigue, headaches, and joint pain. According to a recent survey, more than 30% of Americans actively try to avoid eating gluten. However, it is unclear whether this is warranted. A recent study found that among 400 individuals who thought they were gluten intolerant, only 55 people (14.5%) actually had an issue with gluten. In some cases, people who eliminate gluten may end up gaining weight because these foods often have more calories than their gluten-containing counterparts. 

Symptoms of Gluten Sensitivity include:

• Digestive issues such as gas, bloating, diarrhea and even constipation.
• Fatigue, brain fog or feeling tired after eating a meal that contains gluten.  
• Migraine headaches.
• Joint inflammation
• Anxiety, depression, mood swings and ADD.

Of course any of these symptoms in and of themselves are not a sufficient reason to suspect gluten sensitivity or intolerance. Several genetic variations were found more frequently in people with gluten sensitivity. 

Lactose Intolerance

Code:DietLactoseIntolerance

Connotation:risky

Lactose intolerance means that the body cannot easily digest lactose, which is a natural sugar found in milk and dairy products. Symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps, bloating and gas. For some people, these symptoms are very severe and their systems can not tolerate any lactose. For others, the symptoms are milder and they just have to limit the amount of dairy products they consume.

Lactose intolerance symptoms generally show themselves after ingestion of food containing lactose. These include:

• Milk, milkshakes and other milk-based beverages
• Whip cream and coffee creamer
• Ice cream, ice milk, and sherbet
• Cheese of all kinds  
• Butter
• Puddings and custards 
• Cream soups and cream sauces.

Lactose intolerance is a consequence of a deficiency of a lactase enzyme. This deficiency may be genetic or acquired. Interestingly, up to 65% world’s population have reduced ability to digest lactose. Two genetic variations have been frequently found in people (of European descent) who are lactose intolerant.

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Group:Indoor Allergies

Millions of people suffer year-round from allergy symptoms caused by indoor allergens. Although many indoor substances can trigger allergic symptoms, the most important indoor allergens are dust mites, pet dander, cockroaches, and molds. Unlike seasonal allergies such as hay fever, indoor allergies may last all year long. Explore how your genetics may predispose or protect you in the face of indoor allergens in this section.

Allergy to Mold

Code:AllergyMold

Connotation:risky

Mold are fungi that thrive both outside (in logs, fallen leaves, compost piles, grasses) and inside (in moist places like bathroom, kitchen, basement). There are many different types of mold, some are visible by eye, others are not. Molds make spores that float in the air like pollen. But unlike plants that produce pollen, mold do not die with the first frost. They simply slow down or stop growing during this time and they start growing in the spring. Some people are allergic to molds: when they inhale the spores they develop typical allergy symptoms. Genetic variations associated with allergies to two types of mold fungus (Cladosporium and Alternaria) have been identified.

Allergy to Pets

Code:AllergyPet

Connotation:risky

Pet allergy is an allergic reaction to proteins found in an animals skin cells, saliva or urine. Signs of pet allergy include those common to hay fever, such as sneezing and runny nose. Some people may also experience signs of asthma, such as wheezing and difficulty breathing. Most often, pet allergy is triggered by exposure to the dead flakes of skin (dander) a pet sheds. Any animal with fur can be a source of pet allergy, but pet allergies are most commonly associated with cats, dogs (as well as horses and rats). For a person with pet allergies, life in a dog-loving country is not easy. In 2012, over a third of the U.S. households had a dog. Dog dander gets everywhere, including places where dogs have never set a paw. According to the National Institutes of Health, detectable levels of pet dander are in every home in the U.S. Genetic variations in some genes have been identified to be associated with allergy to pets.

Allergy to Cockroaches

Code:Allergy2Cockroach

Connotation:risky

Cockroaches live in many locations around the world, in all types of buildings and all kinds of neighborhoods. The National Pest Management Association reports that over 60 percent of homes in the United States contain cockroach allergens. This number rises to 80-90 percent in urban areas. The saliva, feces and shedding body parts of cockroaches contain a protein that can trigger allergies and even asthma in some people. A cockroach allergy is a trigger of year-round allergy and asthma. Common cockroach allergy symptoms include runny stuffy or itchy nose, itchy or red eyes, skin rash, cough, mucus. People with some genetic variations have higher risk of developing allergies to cockroaches.

Allergy to Dust Mites

Code:AllergyMites

Connotation:risky

Dust mites are microscopic creatures, related to ticks and spiders that live in house dust. The proteins in dust mite body parts and feces cause allergic reactions in some people. Dust allergy symptoms are similar to those of pollen allergies and include red, itchy, watery eyes, runny, itchy, stuffy nose, sneezing. These symptoms persist all year round and feel like endless cold or even asthma. It is estimated that up to 20 million Americans have dust mite allergy. When inhaled, dust mite allergen triggers asthma attacks and is one of the most common causes of asthma attacks worldwide. This is primarily because dust mites are found nearly everywhere, especially indoors. All homes contain some amount of dust mites. Because dust mites feed on dead human skin, the allergen tends to be concentrated in mattresses, bedding, upholstered furniture, carpets. Pets contribute dander to the dust and increase the food source for mites. Several genetic variations have been found to be associated with increased risk of allergy to dust-mites.

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Group:Other Sensitivities

In addition to food, outdoor, indoor and chemical allergies and sensitivities, your genetic makeup can also influence other sensitivities that impact your life. Explore how your unique genetic makeup impacts your potential predisposition for motion sickness, seasonality, noise sensitivity, and noise-induced hearing loss in this section.

Resistance to Stomach Flu

Code:HealthNovoVirusResistance

Connotation:good

Stomach Flu, or Norovirus, is not really the flu but a viral gastroenteritis, and the major cause of foodborne illness worldwide, responsible for at least 50% of all gastroenteritis outbreaks in the United States. It is caused by a nasty bug and it is very contagious and causes unpleasant symptoms that include abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. It turns out that some people may be safer than most during the flu season. About 30 percent of people of European ancestry and 20 percent of people with African ancestry carry the specific version of the genetic variation on the FUT2 (secretor) gene that prevents the most common strain of Novovirus bug to enter their digestive tract. These lucky people are resistant to most common strain of stomach flu. Whether you have a typical predisposition to being infected by this bug or have genetic-based resistance, it is always a good idea to minimize the risks by following recommended procedures.

Seasonality

Code:Seasonality

Connotation:risky

Seasonality or Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is seasonal changes in mood and behavior. SAD begins and ends at about the same times every year. Study of over 4000 individuals (Australians and Amish) identified several genetic variants with small additive effects that are significantly associated with SAD.

Motion Sickness

Code:MotionSickness

Connotation:risky

Motion sickness (sometimes referred to as travel sickness) is a common condition that occurs in some people who travel by car, train, airplane or boat. Motion sickness is a general term, and the symptoms include nausea, dizziness, and fatigue. Roughly one in three individuals is susceptible to motion sickness, and almost two thirds report being sick in more sever conditions. About 7% of seagoing passengers report vomiting during the journey. Charles Darwin once wrote to his father: "The misery I endured from sea-sickness is far far beyond what I ever guessed at. If it was not for sea-sickness, the whole world would be sailors." Children, and older people are more susceptible to motion sickness, and women generally report more cases of motion sickness than men. Motion sickness happens when the body, the inner ear, and the eyes send conflicting signals to the brain. The first study on over 80 thousands individuals yielded genetic variants associated with motion sickness. The study reports that several genetic variants show up to three times stronger effects in women. Some genetic variations increase the likelihood of motion sickness, while other variants are protective. Interestingly, occurrences of motion sickness correlate with migraines, altitude sickness, morning sickness, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and poor sleeping.

Misophonia

Code:Misophonia

Connotation:risky

Misophonia is a sensitivity to chewing sounds (from the Greek meaning hatred of sound). It is a newly recognized condition that is characterized by feelings of rage triggered by small sounds: people munching, gum chewing, sipping, footsteps, humming, which are called `trigger sounds` misophonia community. The response can be an immediate and intense fight or flight feeling that creates panic and rage, and sufferers can become violent and emotionally explosive. Misophonia usually starts at late childhood. People who self-reported themselves as being sensitive to noise, frequently have a genetic variation in the gene TENM2 that plays a role in brain development.

Noise-induced hearing loss

Code:NoiseInducedHearingLoss

Connotation:risky

Noise induced hearing loss is a temporary or permanent hearing impairment resulting from prolonged exposure to high levels of noise. Excessive noise exposure is the most common cause of hearing loss. In modern society we are constantly bombarded by noises, on our headphones, TVs, or in the cities. When these sounds are at safe level they do not damage our hearing. But too loud sounds can damage inner ear and cause noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Noise is probably the most common occupational hazard facing people today. According to the National Institute on Deafness, "people of all ages, including children, teens, young adults, and older people, can develop NIHL. Approximately 15 percent of Americans between the ages of 20 and 69—or 26 million Americans—have hearing loss that may have been caused by exposure to noise at work or in leisure activities. As many as 16 percent of teens (ages 12 to 19) have reported some hearing loss that could have been caused by loud noise". While too loud noises are not good for anyone, studies identified genetic variations associated with increased risk of NIHL.

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Group:Outdoor Allergies

The most common sources of outdoor allergens are pollen, and include: Tree pollen, which are most common in the spring. Grass pollen, which are most common in the summer. Weed pollen, which are most common in the summer and fall. Ragweed pollen in particular is the most common cause of fall allergy symptoms. Explore your predisposition to and protection from common outdoor allergies in this section.

Mugwort Allergy Resistance

Code:AllergyArtemisia

Connotation:good

Mugwort is a perennial plant and a close relative of daisies, sunflowers, dandelions, and ragweed. Mugwort pollen is one of the main sources of hay fever and allergic asthma in North Europe, North America and parts of Asia. Mugwort allergy symptoms are almost identical to seasonal allergies (sneezing, coughing, redness of eyes, itching, skin rashes). Often, allergy to mugwort is preceded by oral allergy syndrome that causes itchiness or swelling of the mouth, face, lip after eating some foods that are cross-reacted with mugwort. In some cases, mugwort can cause severe skin rashes, eczema, asthma. Symptoms worsen during the mugwort pollen season that runs from late summer to fall. Recent studies identified genetic variations associated with significantly decreased risk of allergy to mugwort pollen. People with these genetic variations report significantly fewer cases of allergies mugwort pollen.

Hay Fever

Code:HayFever

Connotation:risky

Many different substances and pollen cause the allergic symptoms commonly called hay fever. While hay is not the only allergen that causes problems and it does not cause fever, this popular name appeared from early descriptions of sneezing, nasal congestion, and eye irritation while harvesting hay fields. The scientific term for it is allergic rhinitis that originates from rhino (nose). At peak seasons hay fever affects up to 30% of all people worldwide. Symptoms of hay fever often mimic those of chronic colds, and include nasal congestion, a runny nose with clear mucus, sneezing, nose, eye itching, excess tears. Hay fever can make you feel miserable, and generally interfere with your daily life affecting your performance at work or school. Large genome-wide association studies identified multiple genetic markers associated with hay fever.

Histamine Intolerance

Code:HistamineIntolerance

Connotation:risky

Histamine intolerance is caused by excess of histamine because of an impaired function of the histamine-degrading enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO) and histamine N-methyl transferase (HNMT) that regulates airway response to histamine. Histamine is produced as part of a local immune response to cause inflammation as a reaction to foreign particles (such as virus) or allergens (from plant pollen, dust mites, certain foods, food additives, alcohol). Histamine is also a neurotransmitter that conveys messages between neurons and it plays important role in regulating the permeability of the blood capillaries, and regulating levels of regulation of gastric acid. Histamine is present on our skin, lung and stomach. As a healthy reaction, histamine levels rise as a response to allergens present in air, environment, foods, drink. Under normal physiological conditions, excess of histamine is quickly degraded. When the degradation process is impaired, it leads to histamine intolerance. Genetic variants in the key degradation enzyme diamine oxidase DAO, and histamine N-methyl transferase (HMT) are associated with histamine intolerance.

Grass Allergy Resistance

Code:AllergyPoaceae

Connotation:good

Grass pollen is known to cause a variety of different allergic reactions. Grass pollen is most present in the air during the late spring and early summer months, and can cause allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and asthma. Direct skin contact with grass, from sitting in the grass or mowing the lawn, can cause itching, urticaria (also known as hives), and atopic dermatitis (eczema). Grass allergy can also be associated with fruit pollen syndrome resulting in food allergies to tomatoes, potatoes, and peaches.

A recent study identified genetic variations associated with lower incidents of grass allergy. This implies that these genetic variations are protective from grass allergies, and people who have these variations are less likely to develop allergies to poacea. True grasses (poaceae) are a family of plants to which a large part of the population is allergic. These plants are characterized by long and narrow cuts. Cultivated cereals such as wheat, oats, corn, rice are among the many true grasses species.

Birch Pollen Allergy Resistance

Code:AllergyBetulaceae

Connotation:good

Some people have genetic variations that make them more resistant towards birch pollen allergy. In other words, people with this genetic variations have lower incidents of allergies to birch (Betulaceae). Birch pollen is very allergenic pollen and is one of the main triggers of hay fever. In allergic people it can also cause an asthma attack, conjunctivitis, and oral allergy syndrome that causes an itchy mouth after eating raw fruits, vegetables, or nuts. Birch pollen cross-reacts with many fruits, vegetables and nuts, with apples being the most common cross-reaction associated with birch pollen.

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Group:Sensitivity to Chemicals

Chemical sensitivity can be triggered by toxic waste sites, basements, ventilation systems, industrial emissions, mold, bacteria, golfing (pesticides), painting, plastics, dentures, hearing aids--even jewelry. Our bodies developed a sophisticated system of enzyme pathways to eliminate external particles. Genetic variants in gene that code for the key enzymes may interfere with the detoxification process. In this section, explore your genetic predispositions for sensitivity to mercury, benzene, and PCB, and get actionable insights on how to deal with the exposures. 

Sensitivity to Mercury

Code:Sensitivity2Mercury

Connotation:risky

Mercury is a heavy metal found naturally in the environment. It is released into the air, water and soil by factories and coal-burning power plants. In water, mercury changes its form and becomes methylmercury which is absorbed by fish. When this fish comes to your table, you absorb the mercury that may accumulate in your body and become harmful at high levels. Young children and fetuses are particularly sensitive to mercury as their nervous systems is developing. Mercury can be toxic to gastrointestinal, and renal, and nervous systems. Mercury will leave the body over time in the urine, feces (and breast milk) but studies show that levels of mercury in human blood, hair depend on genetic variations.

Sensitivity to Benzene

Code:Sensitivity2Benzene

Connotation:risky

Benzene is an industrial chemical and a ubiquitous pollutant of air largely from manufacturing and motor vehicle exhaust. Benzene may irritate the nose and throat, case coughing, wheezing, headache, dizziness, and skin allergies. It is a documented carcinogen and it may target different organs, including liver, kidney, lung, heart and the brain. Many products such as adhesives, laundry detergents, nail polishes, synthetic fabrics, dyes, still contain some levels of benzene. About 50% of the benzene exposure in the US results from smoking tobacco or from second-hand smoke. The metabolism of benzene has been extensively investigated and the cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP2E1) plays a major role. Genetic variations in this enzyme as well as in the EPHX1 and NQO1 genes increase susceptibility to benzene toxicity.

Sensitivity to PCB

Code:Sensitivity2PCB

Connotation:risky

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of man-made chemicals. They are oily liquids or solids, clear to yellow in color, with no smell or taste. They have been long recognized as environmental pollutants that accumulate in humans with adverse health effects. PCBs have been linked to various cancers, problems with immune system and thyroid function, as well low birth weight, slowed growth and development in children. Manufacturing of PCBs was halted in the 70s but PCBs are still being released into the environment via hazardous waste sites, leaks, improper disposal. Since PCBs are found throughout the environment, it is likely that everyone has been exposed to them through food (fish and meats), water, and even old light fixtures. PCBs are easily absorbed by the body, and like other lipophilic compounds they have to be metabolized by the members of the cytochrome P450 system. People with lower activities of some cytochrome P450 enzymes may be under higher risk of PCB build-up due their slower excretion rates from the body.

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Group:Food Allergies

The reasons behind rise in food allergies are complex, and have to do with how the food processing has changed. Some people are more susceptible to food allergies and it is partly to do with genetics. The body’s immune system keeps you healthy by fighting off infections and other dangers to good health. A food allergy reaction occurs when your immune system overreacts to a food or a substance in a food, identifying it as a danger and triggering a protective response. Food allergy symptoms are most common in babies and children, but they can appear at any age. You can even develop an allergy to foods you have eaten for years with no problems. Learn more about your potential genetic predispositions for various food allergies. Remember that genetic predispositions do not always manifest in a specific allergy. Factors such as general health, immune system functioning, as well as other rare and yet unknown genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, have significant contributions too. On the other hand, knowing about your genetic predisposition will help you figure out unusual reactions and symptoms, and perhaps discuss with your physician on your next regular visit.  

General Food Sensitivities

Code:FoodSensitivityRisk

Connotation:risky

Over the past 20 years, food allergy has grown from a relatively uncommon condition to a major clinical and public health problem worldwide due to its increasing prevalence, potential fatality, as well as enormous medical and economic impact. Up to 15 million Americans have food allergies, and up to 1 in every 13 children (under 18 years of age) in the U.S may be affected by a food allergy. That is roughly two in every classroom. Researchers estimate that genetic factors may contribute to up to 80% of food allergies. However, genetic predisposition does not always manifest in a specific allergy. Factors such as general health, immune system functioning, as well as other rare and yet unknown genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, have significant contributions too. Clinical food allergy is defined as immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated clinical reactivity to specific food proteins, and several genetic variations associated with food allergies have been identified. A recent large-scale genome-wide study identified several genetic variants associated with at least one common food allergens.

The top 10 symptoms of food allergy, 30 minutes to 2 hours after ingesting a potential allergen include:

• Headache
• Lack of Attention/Focus
• Anxiety or Depression
• Bloating
• Gas
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Exhaustion
• Joint pain
• Skin Rash

Allergy to Peanuts

Code:AllergyPeanut

Connotation:risky

Peanut allergy is one of the most common food allergies. In the U.S., approximately three million people report allergies to peanuts and tree nuts. Peanut allergies may be triggered by even the slightest exposure and they are difficult to manage because peanut is used in a variety of food products. Symptoms of peanut allergy vary from a slightly itchy mouth or tingling sensation in or around the mouth or throat after eating peanuts to nausea and runny or congested nose to less common anaphylaxis, which is potentially life-threatening reaction that impairs breathing and can send the body into shock.

Based on recent studies, an estimated 25-40 percent of people who have peanut allergy also are allergic to tree nuts. In addition, peanuts and tree nuts often come into contact with one another during manufacturing and serving processes. For these reasons, allergists usually tell their patients with peanut allergy to avoid tree nuts as well. Research by the National Institutes of Health shows that about 20% of children with a peanut allergy outgrow it. Researchers estimated that genetics may account for up to 80% of peanut allergies.

Allergy to Milk

Code:AllergyMilk

Connotation:risky

Milk allergy symptoms (different from lactose intolerance) occur a few minutes to a few hours after drinking milk or eating milk products. Immediately after consuming milk, signs and symptoms of a milk allergy might include: hives, wheezing, vomiting. Signs and symptoms that may take more time to develop include: loose stools, which may contain blood, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, coughing or wheezing, runny nose, watery eyes, itchy skin rash, often around the mouth, and colic, in babies. Approximately 2.5 percent of children younger than three years of age are allergic to milk but over 80% of them outgrow it. Milk allergy differs from lactose intolerance. Unlike a milk allergy, lactose intolerance does not involve the immune system. However, they have common digestive symptoms, such as bloating, gas or diarrhea, after consuming milk and dairy products. Genetic variations associated with milk allergy have recently been identified in a large study. 

Allergy to Eggs

Code:AllergyEgg

Connotation:risky

The body immune system may see the egg protein as a foreign invader and attack it causing allergic reaction. Egg allergy symptoms usually occur a few minutes to a few hours after eating eggs or foods containing eggs, or even touching eggs for some people. Symptoms vary from mild to severe and can include skin rashes, hives, nasal congestion, and vomiting or other digestive problems.  Eggs are one of the most common allergy-causing foods for children. Experts estimate that as many as 2 percent of children are allergic to eggs. Fortunately, studies show that about 70 percent of children with an egg allergy will outgrow the condition by age 16. People with an allergy to chicken eggs may also be allergic to other types of eggs, such as goose, duck, turkey or quail.

Several genetic variations are associated with increased risk of egg allergy. Just like with other allergies, genetics is only part of the equation. The rates of allergy are increasing throughout the world, affecting up to 30-35% of people at some stage in their lives. Factors such as general health, immune system functioning, as well as other rare and yet unknown genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, have significant contributions too.

Gluten Sensitivity

Code:DietGlutenSensitivity

Connotation:risky

Gluten is a protein found primarily in grains (wheat, rye, barley). Gluten sensitivity may affect up to 6 percent of the population. It is sometimes called non-celiac gluten sensitivity to distinguish it from celiac disease, which is an autoimmune condition. After eating foods with gluten, people with gluten sensitivity can experience abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, and bloating. People sensitive to gluten can also experience other symptoms, such as fatigue, headaches, and joint pain. According to a recent survey, more than 30% of Americans actively try to avoid eating gluten. However, it is unclear whether this is warranted. A recent study found that among 400 individuals who thought they were gluten intolerant, only 55 people (14.5%) actually had an issue with gluten. In some cases, people who eliminate gluten may end up gaining weight because these foods often have more calories than their gluten-containing counterparts. 

Symptoms of Gluten Sensitivity include:

• Digestive issues such as gas, bloating, diarrhea and even constipation.
• Fatigue, brain fog or feeling tired after eating a meal that contains gluten.  
• Migraine headaches.
• Joint inflammation
• Anxiety, depression, mood swings and ADD.

Of course any of these symptoms in and of themselves are not a sufficient reason to suspect gluten sensitivity or intolerance. Several genetic variations were found more frequently in people with gluten sensitivity. 

Lactose Intolerance

Code:DietLactoseIntolerance

Connotation:risky

Lactose intolerance means that the body cannot easily digest lactose, which is a natural sugar found in milk and dairy products. Symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps, bloating and gas. For some people, these symptoms are very severe and their systems can not tolerate any lactose. For others, the symptoms are milder and they just have to limit the amount of dairy products they consume.

Lactose intolerance symptoms generally show themselves after ingestion of food containing lactose. These include:

• Milk, milkshakes and other milk-based beverages
• Whip cream and coffee creamer
• Ice cream, ice milk, and sherbet
• Cheese of all kinds  
• Butter
• Puddings and custards 
• Cream soups and cream sauces.

Lactose intolerance is a consequence of a deficiency of a lactase enzyme. This deficiency may be genetic or acquired. Interestingly, up to 65% world’s population have reduced ability to digest lactose. Two genetic variations have been frequently found in people (of European descent) who are lactose intolerant.

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Group:Indoor Allergies

Millions of people suffer year-round from allergy symptoms caused by indoor allergens. Although many indoor substances can trigger allergic symptoms, the most important indoor allergens are dust mites, pet dander, cockroaches, and molds. Unlike seasonal allergies such as hay fever, indoor allergies may last all year long. Explore how your genetics may predispose or protect you in the face of indoor allergens in this section.

Allergy to Mold

Code:AllergyMold

Connotation:risky

Mold are fungi that thrive both outside (in logs, fallen leaves, compost piles, grasses) and inside (in moist places like bathroom, kitchen, basement). There are many different types of mold, some are visible by eye, others are not. Molds make spores that float in the air like pollen. But unlike plants that produce pollen, mold do not die with the first frost. They simply slow down or stop growing during this time and they start growing in the spring. Some people are allergic to molds: when they inhale the spores they develop typical allergy symptoms. Genetic variations associated with allergies to two types of mold fungus (Cladosporium and Alternaria) have been identified.

Allergy to Pets

Code:AllergyPet

Connotation:risky

Pet allergy is an allergic reaction to proteins found in an animals skin cells, saliva or urine. Signs of pet allergy include those common to hay fever, such as sneezing and runny nose. Some people may also experience signs of asthma, such as wheezing and difficulty breathing. Most often, pet allergy is triggered by exposure to the dead flakes of skin (dander) a pet sheds. Any animal with fur can be a source of pet allergy, but pet allergies are most commonly associated with cats, dogs (as well as horses and rats). For a person with pet allergies, life in a dog-loving country is not easy. In 2012, over a third of the U.S. households had a dog. Dog dander gets everywhere, including places where dogs have never set a paw. According to the National Institutes of Health, detectable levels of pet dander are in every home in the U.S. Genetic variations in some genes have been identified to be associated with allergy to pets.

Allergy to Cockroaches

Code:Allergy2Cockroach

Connotation:risky

Cockroaches live in many locations around the world, in all types of buildings and all kinds of neighborhoods. The National Pest Management Association reports that over 60 percent of homes in the United States contain cockroach allergens. This number rises to 80-90 percent in urban areas. The saliva, feces and shedding body parts of cockroaches contain a protein that can trigger allergies and even asthma in some people. A cockroach allergy is a trigger of year-round allergy and asthma. Common cockroach allergy symptoms include runny stuffy or itchy nose, itchy or red eyes, skin rash, cough, mucus. People with some genetic variations have higher risk of developing allergies to cockroaches.

Allergy to Dust Mites

Code:AllergyMites

Connotation:risky

Dust mites are microscopic creatures, related to ticks and spiders that live in house dust. The proteins in dust mite body parts and feces cause allergic reactions in some people. Dust allergy symptoms are similar to those of pollen allergies and include red, itchy, watery eyes, runny, itchy, stuffy nose, sneezing. These symptoms persist all year round and feel like endless cold or even asthma. It is estimated that up to 20 million Americans have dust mite allergy. When inhaled, dust mite allergen triggers asthma attacks and is one of the most common causes of asthma attacks worldwide. This is primarily because dust mites are found nearly everywhere, especially indoors. All homes contain some amount of dust mites. Because dust mites feed on dead human skin, the allergen tends to be concentrated in mattresses, bedding, upholstered furniture, carpets. Pets contribute dander to the dust and increase the food source for mites. Several genetic variations have been found to be associated with increased risk of allergy to dust-mites.

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Group:Other Sensitivities

In addition to food, outdoor, indoor and chemical allergies and sensitivities, your genetic makeup can also influence other sensitivities that impact your life. Explore how your unique genetic makeup impacts your potential predisposition for motion sickness, seasonality, noise sensitivity, and noise-induced hearing loss in this section.

Resistance to Stomach Flu

Code:HealthNovoVirusResistance

Connotation:good

Stomach Flu, or Norovirus, is not really the flu but a viral gastroenteritis, and the major cause of foodborne illness worldwide, responsible for at least 50% of all gastroenteritis outbreaks in the United States. It is caused by a nasty bug and it is very contagious and causes unpleasant symptoms that include abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. It turns out that some people may be safer than most during the flu season. About 30 percent of people of European ancestry and 20 percent of people with African ancestry carry the specific version of the genetic variation on the FUT2 (secretor) gene that prevents the most common strain of Novovirus bug to enter their digestive tract. These lucky people are resistant to most common strain of stomach flu. Whether you have a typical predisposition to being infected by this bug or have genetic-based resistance, it is always a good idea to minimize the risks by following recommended procedures.

Seasonality

Code:Seasonality

Connotation:risky

Seasonality or Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is seasonal changes in mood and behavior. SAD begins and ends at about the same times every year. Study of over 4000 individuals (Australians and Amish) identified several genetic variants with small additive effects that are significantly associated with SAD.

Motion Sickness

Code:MotionSickness

Connotation:risky

Motion sickness (sometimes referred to as travel sickness) is a common condition that occurs in some people who travel by car, train, airplane or boat. Motion sickness is a general term, and the symptoms include nausea, dizziness, and fatigue. Roughly one in three individuals is susceptible to motion sickness, and almost two thirds report being sick in more sever conditions. About 7% of seagoing passengers report vomiting during the journey. Charles Darwin once wrote to his father: "The misery I endured from sea-sickness is far far beyond what I ever guessed at. If it was not for sea-sickness, the whole world would be sailors." Children, and older people are more susceptible to motion sickness, and women generally report more cases of motion sickness than men. Motion sickness happens when the body, the inner ear, and the eyes send conflicting signals to the brain. The first study on over 80 thousands individuals yielded genetic variants associated with motion sickness. The study reports that several genetic variants show up to three times stronger effects in women. Some genetic variations increase the likelihood of motion sickness, while other variants are protective. Interestingly, occurrences of motion sickness correlate with migraines, altitude sickness, morning sickness, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and poor sleeping.

Misophonia

Code:Misophonia

Connotation:risky

Misophonia is a sensitivity to chewing sounds (from the Greek meaning hatred of sound). It is a newly recognized condition that is characterized by feelings of rage triggered by small sounds: people munching, gum chewing, sipping, footsteps, humming, which are called `trigger sounds` misophonia community. The response can be an immediate and intense fight or flight feeling that creates panic and rage, and sufferers can become violent and emotionally explosive. Misophonia usually starts at late childhood. People who self-reported themselves as being sensitive to noise, frequently have a genetic variation in the gene TENM2 that plays a role in brain development.

Noise-induced hearing loss

Code:NoiseInducedHearingLoss

Connotation:risky

Noise induced hearing loss is a temporary or permanent hearing impairment resulting from prolonged exposure to high levels of noise. Excessive noise exposure is the most common cause of hearing loss. In modern society we are constantly bombarded by noises, on our headphones, TVs, or in the cities. When these sounds are at safe level they do not damage our hearing. But too loud sounds can damage inner ear and cause noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Noise is probably the most common occupational hazard facing people today. According to the National Institute on Deafness, "people of all ages, including children, teens, young adults, and older people, can develop NIHL. Approximately 15 percent of Americans between the ages of 20 and 69—or 26 million Americans—have hearing loss that may have been caused by exposure to noise at work or in leisure activities. As many as 16 percent of teens (ages 12 to 19) have reported some hearing loss that could have been caused by loud noise". While too loud noises are not good for anyone, studies identified genetic variations associated with increased risk of NIHL.

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Group:Outdoor Allergies

The most common sources of outdoor allergens are pollen, and include: Tree pollen, which are most common in the spring. Grass pollen, which are most common in the summer. Weed pollen, which are most common in the summer and fall. Ragweed pollen in particular is the most common cause of fall allergy symptoms. Explore your predisposition to and protection from common outdoor allergies in this section.

Mugwort Allergy Resistance

Code:AllergyArtemisia

Connotation:good

Mugwort is a perennial plant and a close relative of daisies, sunflowers, dandelions, and ragweed. Mugwort pollen is one of the main sources of hay fever and allergic asthma in North Europe, North America and parts of Asia. Mugwort allergy symptoms are almost identical to seasonal allergies (sneezing, coughing, redness of eyes, itching, skin rashes). Often, allergy to mugwort is preceded by oral allergy syndrome that causes itchiness or swelling of the mouth, face, lip after eating some foods that are cross-reacted with mugwort. In some cases, mugwort can cause severe skin rashes, eczema, asthma. Symptoms worsen during the mugwort pollen season that runs from late summer to fall. Recent studies identified genetic variations associated with significantly decreased risk of allergy to mugwort pollen. People with these genetic variations report significantly fewer cases of allergies mugwort pollen.

Hay Fever

Code:HayFever

Connotation:risky

Many different substances and pollen cause the allergic symptoms commonly called hay fever. While hay is not the only allergen that causes problems and it does not cause fever, this popular name appeared from early descriptions of sneezing, nasal congestion, and eye irritation while harvesting hay fields. The scientific term for it is allergic rhinitis that originates from rhino (nose). At peak seasons hay fever affects up to 30% of all people worldwide. Symptoms of hay fever often mimic those of chronic colds, and include nasal congestion, a runny nose with clear mucus, sneezing, nose, eye itching, excess tears. Hay fever can make you feel miserable, and generally interfere with your daily life affecting your performance at work or school. Large genome-wide association studies identified multiple genetic markers associated with hay fever.

Histamine Intolerance

Code:HistamineIntolerance

Connotation:risky

Histamine intolerance is caused by excess of histamine because of an impaired function of the histamine-degrading enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO) and histamine N-methyl transferase (HNMT) that regulates airway response to histamine. Histamine is produced as part of a local immune response to cause inflammation as a reaction to foreign particles (such as virus) or allergens (from plant pollen, dust mites, certain foods, food additives, alcohol). Histamine is also a neurotransmitter that conveys messages between neurons and it plays important role in regulating the permeability of the blood capillaries, and regulating levels of regulation of gastric acid. Histamine is present on our skin, lung and stomach. As a healthy reaction, histamine levels rise as a response to allergens present in air, environment, foods, drink. Under normal physiological conditions, excess of histamine is quickly degraded. When the degradation process is impaired, it leads to histamine intolerance. Genetic variants in the key degradation enzyme diamine oxidase DAO, and histamine N-methyl transferase (HMT) are associated with histamine intolerance.

Grass Allergy Resistance

Code:AllergyPoaceae

Connotation:good

Grass pollen is known to cause a variety of different allergic reactions. Grass pollen is most present in the air during the late spring and early summer months, and can cause allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and asthma. Direct skin contact with grass, from sitting in the grass or mowing the lawn, can cause itching, urticaria (also known as hives), and atopic dermatitis (eczema). Grass allergy can also be associated with fruit pollen syndrome resulting in food allergies to tomatoes, potatoes, and peaches.

A recent study identified genetic variations associated with lower incidents of grass allergy. This implies that these genetic variations are protective from grass allergies, and people who have these variations are less likely to develop allergies to poacea. True grasses (poaceae) are a family of plants to which a large part of the population is allergic. These plants are characterized by long and narrow cuts. Cultivated cereals such as wheat, oats, corn, rice are among the many true grasses species.

Birch Pollen Allergy Resistance

Code:AllergyBetulaceae

Connotation:good

Some people have genetic variations that make them more resistant towards birch pollen allergy. In other words, people with this genetic variations have lower incidents of allergies to birch (Betulaceae). Birch pollen is very allergenic pollen and is one of the main triggers of hay fever. In allergic people it can also cause an asthma attack, conjunctivitis, and oral allergy syndrome that causes an itchy mouth after eating raw fruits, vegetables, or nuts. Birch pollen cross-reacts with many fruits, vegetables and nuts, with apples being the most common cross-reaction associated with birch pollen.

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Group:Sensitivity to Chemicals

Chemical sensitivity can be triggered by toxic waste sites, basements, ventilation systems, industrial emissions, mold, bacteria, golfing (pesticides), painting, plastics, dentures, hearing aids--even jewelry. Our bodies developed a sophisticated system of enzyme pathways to eliminate external particles. Genetic variants in gene that code for the key enzymes may interfere with the detoxification process. In this section, explore your genetic predispositions for sensitivity to mercury, benzene, and PCB, and get actionable insights on how to deal with the exposures. 

Sensitivity to Mercury

Code:Sensitivity2Mercury

Connotation:risky

Mercury is a heavy metal found naturally in the environment. It is released into the air, water and soil by factories and coal-burning power plants. In water, mercury changes its form and becomes methylmercury which is absorbed by fish. When this fish comes to your table, you absorb the mercury that may accumulate in your body and become harmful at high levels. Young children and fetuses are particularly sensitive to mercury as their nervous systems is developing. Mercury can be toxic to gastrointestinal, and renal, and nervous systems. Mercury will leave the body over time in the urine, feces (and breast milk) but studies show that levels of mercury in human blood, hair depend on genetic variations.

Sensitivity to Benzene

Code:Sensitivity2Benzene

Connotation:risky

Benzene is an industrial chemical and a ubiquitous pollutant of air largely from manufacturing and motor vehicle exhaust. Benzene may irritate the nose and throat, case coughing, wheezing, headache, dizziness, and skin allergies. It is a documented carcinogen and it may target different organs, including liver, kidney, lung, heart and the brain. Many products such as adhesives, laundry detergents, nail polishes, synthetic fabrics, dyes, still contain some levels of benzene. About 50% of the benzene exposure in the US results from smoking tobacco or from second-hand smoke. The metabolism of benzene has been extensively investigated and the cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP2E1) plays a major role. Genetic variations in this enzyme as well as in the EPHX1 and NQO1 genes increase susceptibility to benzene toxicity.

Sensitivity to PCB

Code:Sensitivity2PCB

Connotation:risky

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of man-made chemicals. They are oily liquids or solids, clear to yellow in color, with no smell or taste. They have been long recognized as environmental pollutants that accumulate in humans with adverse health effects. PCBs have been linked to various cancers, problems with immune system and thyroid function, as well low birth weight, slowed growth and development in children. Manufacturing of PCBs was halted in the 70s but PCBs are still being released into the environment via hazardous waste sites, leaks, improper disposal. Since PCBs are found throughout the environment, it is likely that everyone has been exposed to them through food (fish and meats), water, and even old light fixtures. PCBs are easily absorbed by the body, and like other lipophilic compounds they have to be metabolized by the members of the cytochrome P450 system. People with lower activities of some cytochrome P450 enzymes may be under higher risk of PCB build-up due their slower excretion rates from the body.

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Group:Food Allergies

The reasons behind rise in food allergies are complex, and have to do with how the food processing has changed. Some people are more susceptible to food allergies and it is partly to do with genetics. The body’s immune system keeps you healthy by fighting off infections and other dangers to good health. A food allergy reaction occurs when your immune system overreacts to a food or a substance in a food, identifying it as a danger and triggering a protective response. Food allergy symptoms are most common in babies and children, but they can appear at any age. You can even develop an allergy to foods you have eaten for years with no problems. Learn more about your potential genetic predispositions for various food allergies. Remember that genetic predispositions do not always manifest in a specific allergy. Factors such as general health, immune system functioning, as well as other rare and yet unknown genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, have significant contributions too. On the other hand, knowing about your genetic predisposition will help you figure out unusual reactions and symptoms, and perhaps discuss with your physician on your next regular visit.  

General Food Sensitivities

Code:FoodSensitivityRisk

Connotation:risky

Over the past 20 years, food allergy has grown from a relatively uncommon condition to a major clinical and public health problem worldwide due to its increasing prevalence, potential fatality, as well as enormous medical and economic impact. Up to 15 million Americans have food allergies, and up to 1 in every 13 children (under 18 years of age) in the U.S may be affected by a food allergy. That is roughly two in every classroom. Researchers estimate that genetic factors may contribute to up to 80% of food allergies. However, genetic predisposition does not always manifest in a specific allergy. Factors such as general health, immune system functioning, as well as other rare and yet unknown genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, have significant contributions too. Clinical food allergy is defined as immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated clinical reactivity to specific food proteins, and several genetic variations associated with food allergies have been identified. A recent large-scale genome-wide study identified several genetic variants associated with at least one common food allergens.

The top 10 symptoms of food allergy, 30 minutes to 2 hours after ingesting a potential allergen include:

• Headache
• Lack of Attention/Focus
• Anxiety or Depression
• Bloating
• Gas
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Exhaustion
• Joint pain
• Skin Rash

Allergy to Peanuts

Code:AllergyPeanut

Connotation:risky

Peanut allergy is one of the most common food allergies. In the U.S., approximately three million people report allergies to peanuts and tree nuts. Peanut allergies may be triggered by even the slightest exposure and they are difficult to manage because peanut is used in a variety of food products. Symptoms of peanut allergy vary from a slightly itchy mouth or tingling sensation in or around the mouth or throat after eating peanuts to nausea and runny or congested nose to less common anaphylaxis, which is potentially life-threatening reaction that impairs breathing and can send the body into shock.

Based on recent studies, an estimated 25-40 percent of people who have peanut allergy also are allergic to tree nuts. In addition, peanuts and tree nuts often come into contact with one another during manufacturing and serving processes. For these reasons, allergists usually tell their patients with peanut allergy to avoid tree nuts as well. Research by the National Institutes of Health shows that about 20% of children with a peanut allergy outgrow it. Researchers estimated that genetics may account for up to 80% of peanut allergies.

Allergy to Milk

Code:AllergyMilk

Connotation:risky

Milk allergy symptoms (different from lactose intolerance) occur a few minutes to a few hours after drinking milk or eating milk products. Immediately after consuming milk, signs and symptoms of a milk allergy might include: hives, wheezing, vomiting. Signs and symptoms that may take more time to develop include: loose stools, which may contain blood, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, coughing or wheezing, runny nose, watery eyes, itchy skin rash, often around the mouth, and colic, in babies. Approximately 2.5 percent of children younger than three years of age are allergic to milk but over 80% of them outgrow it. Milk allergy differs from lactose intolerance. Unlike a milk allergy, lactose intolerance does not involve the immune system. However, they have common digestive symptoms, such as bloating, gas or diarrhea, after consuming milk and dairy products. Genetic variations associated with milk allergy have recently been identified in a large study. 

Allergy to Eggs

Code:AllergyEgg

Connotation:risky

The body immune system may see the egg protein as a foreign invader and attack it causing allergic reaction. Egg allergy symptoms usually occur a few minutes to a few hours after eating eggs or foods containing eggs, or even touching eggs for some people. Symptoms vary from mild to severe and can include skin rashes, hives, nasal congestion, and vomiting or other digestive problems.  Eggs are one of the most common allergy-causing foods for children. Experts estimate that as many as 2 percent of children are allergic to eggs. Fortunately, studies show that about 70 percent of children with an egg allergy will outgrow the condition by age 16. People with an allergy to chicken eggs may also be allergic to other types of eggs, such as goose, duck, turkey or quail.

Several genetic variations are associated with increased risk of egg allergy. Just like with other allergies, genetics is only part of the equation. The rates of allergy are increasing throughout the world, affecting up to 30-35% of people at some stage in their lives. Factors such as general health, immune system functioning, as well as other rare and yet unknown genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, have significant contributions too.

Gluten Sensitivity

Code:DietGlutenSensitivity

Connotation:risky

Gluten is a protein found primarily in grains (wheat, rye, barley). Gluten sensitivity may affect up to 6 percent of the population. It is sometimes called non-celiac gluten sensitivity to distinguish it from celiac disease, which is an autoimmune condition. After eating foods with gluten, people with gluten sensitivity can experience abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, and bloating. People sensitive to gluten can also experience other symptoms, such as fatigue, headaches, and joint pain. According to a recent survey, more than 30% of Americans actively try to avoid eating gluten. However, it is unclear whether this is warranted. A recent study found that among 400 individuals who thought they were gluten intolerant, only 55 people (14.5%) actually had an issue with gluten. In some cases, people who eliminate gluten may end up gaining weight because these foods often have more calories than their gluten-containing counterparts. 

Symptoms of Gluten Sensitivity include:

• Digestive issues such as gas, bloating, diarrhea and even constipation.
• Fatigue, brain fog or feeling tired after eating a meal that contains gluten.  
• Migraine headaches.
• Joint inflammation
• Anxiety, depression, mood swings and ADD.

Of course any of these symptoms in and of themselves are not a sufficient reason to suspect gluten sensitivity or intolerance. Several genetic variations were found more frequently in people with gluten sensitivity. 

Lactose Intolerance

Code:DietLactoseIntolerance

Connotation:risky

Lactose intolerance means that the body cannot easily digest lactose, which is a natural sugar found in milk and dairy products. Symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps, bloating and gas. For some people, these symptoms are very severe and their systems can not tolerate any lactose. For others, the symptoms are milder and they just have to limit the amount of dairy products they consume.

Lactose intolerance symptoms generally show themselves after ingestion of food containing lactose. These include:

• Milk, milkshakes and other milk-based beverages
• Whip cream and coffee creamer
• Ice cream, ice milk, and sherbet
• Cheese of all kinds  
• Butter
• Puddings and custards 
• Cream soups and cream sauces.

Lactose intolerance is a consequence of a deficiency of a lactase enzyme. This deficiency may be genetic or acquired. Interestingly, up to 65% world’s population have reduced ability to digest lactose. Two genetic variations have been frequently found in people (of European descent) who are lactose intolerant.

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Group:Indoor Allergies

Millions of people suffer year-round from allergy symptoms caused by indoor allergens. Although many indoor substances can trigger allergic symptoms, the most important indoor allergens are dust mites, pet dander, cockroaches, and molds. Unlike seasonal allergies such as hay fever, indoor allergies may last all year long. Explore how your genetics may predispose or protect you in the face of indoor allergens in this section.

Allergy to Mold

Code:AllergyMold

Connotation:risky

Mold are fungi that thrive both outside (in logs, fallen leaves, compost piles, grasses) and inside (in moist places like bathroom, kitchen, basement). There are many different types of mold, some are visible by eye, others are not. Molds make spores that float in the air like pollen. But unlike plants that produce pollen, mold do not die with the first frost. They simply slow down or stop growing during this time and they start growing in the spring. Some people are allergic to molds: when they inhale the spores they develop typical allergy symptoms. Genetic variations associated with allergies to two types of mold fungus (Cladosporium and Alternaria) have been identified.

Allergy to Pets

Code:AllergyPet

Connotation:risky

Pet allergy is an allergic reaction to proteins found in an animals skin cells, saliva or urine. Signs of pet allergy include those common to hay fever, such as sneezing and runny nose. Some people may also experience signs of asthma, such as wheezing and difficulty breathing. Most often, pet allergy is triggered by exposure to the dead flakes of skin (dander) a pet sheds. Any animal with fur can be a source of pet allergy, but pet allergies are most commonly associated with cats, dogs (as well as horses and rats). For a person with pet allergies, life in a dog-loving country is not easy. In 2012, over a third of the U.S. households had a dog. Dog dander gets everywhere, including places where dogs have never set a paw. According to the National Institutes of Health, detectable levels of pet dander are in every home in the U.S. Genetic variations in some genes have been identified to be associated with allergy to pets.

Allergy to Cockroaches

Code:Allergy2Cockroach

Connotation:risky

Cockroaches live in many locations around the world, in all types of buildings and all kinds of neighborhoods. The National Pest Management Association reports that over 60 percent of homes in the United States contain cockroach allergens. This number rises to 80-90 percent in urban areas. The saliva, feces and shedding body parts of cockroaches contain a protein that can trigger allergies and even asthma in some people. A cockroach allergy is a trigger of year-round allergy and asthma. Common cockroach allergy symptoms include runny stuffy or itchy nose, itchy or red eyes, skin rash, cough, mucus. People with some genetic variations have higher risk of developing allergies to cockroaches.

Allergy to Dust Mites

Code:AllergyMites

Connotation:risky

Dust mites are microscopic creatures, related to ticks and spiders that live in house dust. The proteins in dust mite body parts and feces cause allergic reactions in some people. Dust allergy symptoms are similar to those of pollen allergies and include red, itchy, watery eyes, runny, itchy, stuffy nose, sneezing. These symptoms persist all year round and feel like endless cold or even asthma. It is estimated that up to 20 million Americans have dust mite allergy. When inhaled, dust mite allergen triggers asthma attacks and is one of the most common causes of asthma attacks worldwide. This is primarily because dust mites are found nearly everywhere, especially indoors. All homes contain some amount of dust mites. Because dust mites feed on dead human skin, the allergen tends to be concentrated in mattresses, bedding, upholstered furniture, carpets. Pets contribute dander to the dust and increase the food source for mites. Several genetic variations have been found to be associated with increased risk of allergy to dust-mites.

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Group:Other Sensitivities

In addition to food, outdoor, indoor and chemical allergies and sensitivities, your genetic makeup can also influence other sensitivities that impact your life. Explore how your unique genetic makeup impacts your potential predisposition for motion sickness, seasonality, noise sensitivity, and noise-induced hearing loss in this section.

Resistance to Stomach Flu

Code:HealthNovoVirusResistance

Connotation:good

Stomach Flu, or Norovirus, is not really the flu but a viral gastroenteritis, and the major cause of foodborne illness worldwide, responsible for at least 50% of all gastroenteritis outbreaks in the United States. It is caused by a nasty bug and it is very contagious and causes unpleasant symptoms that include abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. It turns out that some people may be safer than most during the flu season. About 30 percent of people of European ancestry and 20 percent of people with African ancestry carry the specific version of the genetic variation on the FUT2 (secretor) gene that prevents the most common strain of Novovirus bug to enter their digestive tract. These lucky people are resistant to most common strain of stomach flu. Whether you have a typical predisposition to being infected by this bug or have genetic-based resistance, it is always a good idea to minimize the risks by following recommended procedures.

Seasonality

Code:Seasonality

Connotation:risky

Seasonality or Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is seasonal changes in mood and behavior. SAD begins and ends at about the same times every year. Study of over 4000 individuals (Australians and Amish) identified several genetic variants with small additive effects that are significantly associated with SAD.

Motion Sickness

Code:MotionSickness

Connotation:risky

Motion sickness (sometimes referred to as travel sickness) is a common condition that occurs in some people who travel by car, train, airplane or boat. Motion sickness is a general term, and the symptoms include nausea, dizziness, and fatigue. Roughly one in three individuals is susceptible to motion sickness, and almost two thirds report being sick in more sever conditions. About 7% of seagoing passengers report vomiting during the journey. Charles Darwin once wrote to his father: "The misery I endured from sea-sickness is far far beyond what I ever guessed at. If it was not for sea-sickness, the whole world would be sailors." Children, and older people are more susceptible to motion sickness, and women generally report more cases of motion sickness than men. Motion sickness happens when the body, the inner ear, and the eyes send conflicting signals to the brain. The first study on over 80 thousands individuals yielded genetic variants associated with motion sickness. The study reports that several genetic variants show up to three times stronger effects in women. Some genetic variations increase the likelihood of motion sickness, while other variants are protective. Interestingly, occurrences of motion sickness correlate with migraines, altitude sickness, morning sickness, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and poor sleeping.

Misophonia

Code:Misophonia

Connotation:risky

Misophonia is a sensitivity to chewing sounds (from the Greek meaning hatred of sound). It is a newly recognized condition that is characterized by feelings of rage triggered by small sounds: people munching, gum chewing, sipping, footsteps, humming, which are called `trigger sounds` misophonia community. The response can be an immediate and intense fight or flight feeling that creates panic and rage, and sufferers can become violent and emotionally explosive. Misophonia usually starts at late childhood. People who self-reported themselves as being sensitive to noise, frequently have a genetic variation in the gene TENM2 that plays a role in brain development.

Noise-induced hearing loss

Code:NoiseInducedHearingLoss

Connotation:risky

Noise induced hearing loss is a temporary or permanent hearing impairment resulting from prolonged exposure to high levels of noise. Excessive noise exposure is the most common cause of hearing loss. In modern society we are constantly bombarded by noises, on our headphones, TVs, or in the cities. When these sounds are at safe level they do not damage our hearing. But too loud sounds can damage inner ear and cause noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Noise is probably the most common occupational hazard facing people today. According to the National Institute on Deafness, "people of all ages, including children, teens, young adults, and older people, can develop NIHL. Approximately 15 percent of Americans between the ages of 20 and 69—or 26 million Americans—have hearing loss that may have been caused by exposure to noise at work or in leisure activities. As many as 16 percent of teens (ages 12 to 19) have reported some hearing loss that could have been caused by loud noise". While too loud noises are not good for anyone, studies identified genetic variations associated with increased risk of NIHL.

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Group:Outdoor Allergies

The most common sources of outdoor allergens are pollen, and include: Tree pollen, which are most common in the spring. Grass pollen, which are most common in the summer. Weed pollen, which are most common in the summer and fall. Ragweed pollen in particular is the most common cause of fall allergy symptoms. Explore your predisposition to and protection from common outdoor allergies in this section.

Mugwort Allergy Resistance

Code:AllergyArtemisia

Connotation:good

Mugwort is a perennial plant and a close relative of daisies, sunflowers, dandelions, and ragweed. Mugwort pollen is one of the main sources of hay fever and allergic asthma in North Europe, North America and parts of Asia. Mugwort allergy symptoms are almost identical to seasonal allergies (sneezing, coughing, redness of eyes, itching, skin rashes). Often, allergy to mugwort is preceded by oral allergy syndrome that causes itchiness or swelling of the mouth, face, lip after eating some foods that are cross-reacted with mugwort. In some cases, mugwort can cause severe skin rashes, eczema, asthma. Symptoms worsen during the mugwort pollen season that runs from late summer to fall. Recent studies identified genetic variations associated with significantly decreased risk of allergy to mugwort pollen. People with these genetic variations report significantly fewer cases of allergies mugwort pollen.

Hay Fever

Code:HayFever

Connotation:risky

Many different substances and pollen cause the allergic symptoms commonly called hay fever. While hay is not the only allergen that causes problems and it does not cause fever, this popular name appeared from early descriptions of sneezing, nasal congestion, and eye irritation while harvesting hay fields. The scientific term for it is allergic rhinitis that originates from rhino (nose). At peak seasons hay fever affects up to 30% of all people worldwide. Symptoms of hay fever often mimic those of chronic colds, and include nasal congestion, a runny nose with clear mucus, sneezing, nose, eye itching, excess tears. Hay fever can make you feel miserable, and generally interfere with your daily life affecting your performance at work or school. Large genome-wide association studies identified multiple genetic markers associated with hay fever.

Histamine Intolerance

Code:HistamineIntolerance

Connotation:risky

Histamine intolerance is caused by excess of histamine because of an impaired function of the histamine-degrading enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO) and histamine N-methyl transferase (HNMT) that regulates airway response to histamine. Histamine is produced as part of a local immune response to cause inflammation as a reaction to foreign particles (such as virus) or allergens (from plant pollen, dust mites, certain foods, food additives, alcohol). Histamine is also a neurotransmitter that conveys messages between neurons and it plays important role in regulating the permeability of the blood capillaries, and regulating levels of regulation of gastric acid. Histamine is present on our skin, lung and stomach. As a healthy reaction, histamine levels rise as a response to allergens present in air, environment, foods, drink. Under normal physiological conditions, excess of histamine is quickly degraded. When the degradation process is impaired, it leads to histamine intolerance. Genetic variants in the key degradation enzyme diamine oxidase DAO, and histamine N-methyl transferase (HMT) are associated with histamine intolerance.

Grass Allergy Resistance

Code:AllergyPoaceae

Connotation:good

Grass pollen is known to cause a variety of different allergic reactions. Grass pollen is most present in the air during the late spring and early summer months, and can cause allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and asthma. Direct skin contact with grass, from sitting in the grass or mowing the lawn, can cause itching, urticaria (also known as hives), and atopic dermatitis (eczema). Grass allergy can also be associated with fruit pollen syndrome resulting in food allergies to tomatoes, potatoes, and peaches.

A recent study identified genetic variations associated with lower incidents of grass allergy. This implies that these genetic variations are protective from grass allergies, and people who have these variations are less likely to develop allergies to poacea. True grasses (poaceae) are a family of plants to which a large part of the population is allergic. These plants are characterized by long and narrow cuts. Cultivated cereals such as wheat, oats, corn, rice are among the many true grasses species.

Birch Pollen Allergy Resistance

Code:AllergyBetulaceae

Connotation:good

Some people have genetic variations that make them more resistant towards birch pollen allergy. In other words, people with this genetic variations have lower incidents of allergies to birch (Betulaceae). Birch pollen is very allergenic pollen and is one of the main triggers of hay fever. In allergic people it can also cause an asthma attack, conjunctivitis, and oral allergy syndrome that causes an itchy mouth after eating raw fruits, vegetables, or nuts. Birch pollen cross-reacts with many fruits, vegetables and nuts, with apples being the most common cross-reaction associated with birch pollen.

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Group:Sensitivity to Chemicals

Chemical sensitivity can be triggered by toxic waste sites, basements, ventilation systems, industrial emissions, mold, bacteria, golfing (pesticides), painting, plastics, dentures, hearing aids--even jewelry. Our bodies developed a sophisticated system of enzyme pathways to eliminate external particles. Genetic variants in gene that code for the key enzymes may interfere with the detoxification process. In this section, explore your genetic predispositions for sensitivity to mercury, benzene, and PCB, and get actionable insights on how to deal with the exposures. 

Sensitivity to Mercury

Code:Sensitivity2Mercury

Connotation:risky

Mercury is a heavy metal found naturally in the environment. It is released into the air, water and soil by factories and coal-burning power plants. In water, mercury changes its form and becomes methylmercury which is absorbed by fish. When this fish comes to your table, you absorb the mercury that may accumulate in your body and become harmful at high levels. Young children and fetuses are particularly sensitive to mercury as their nervous systems is developing. Mercury can be toxic to gastrointestinal, and renal, and nervous systems. Mercury will leave the body over time in the urine, feces (and breast milk) but studies show that levels of mercury in human blood, hair depend on genetic variations.

Sensitivity to Benzene

Code:Sensitivity2Benzene

Connotation:risky

Benzene is an industrial chemical and a ubiquitous pollutant of air largely from manufacturing and motor vehicle exhaust. Benzene may irritate the nose and throat, case coughing, wheezing, headache, dizziness, and skin allergies. It is a documented carcinogen and it may target different organs, including liver, kidney, lung, heart and the brain. Many products such as adhesives, laundry detergents, nail polishes, synthetic fabrics, dyes, still contain some levels of benzene. About 50% of the benzene exposure in the US results from smoking tobacco or from second-hand smoke. The metabolism of benzene has been extensively investigated and the cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP2E1) plays a major role. Genetic variations in this enzyme as well as in the EPHX1 and NQO1 genes increase susceptibility to benzene toxicity.

Sensitivity to PCB

Code:Sensitivity2PCB

Connotation:risky

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of man-made chemicals. They are oily liquids or solids, clear to yellow in color, with no smell or taste. They have been long recognized as environmental pollutants that accumulate in humans with adverse health effects. PCBs have been linked to various cancers, problems with immune system and thyroid function, as well low birth weight, slowed growth and development in children. Manufacturing of PCBs was halted in the 70s but PCBs are still being released into the environment via hazardous waste sites, leaks, improper disposal. Since PCBs are found throughout the environment, it is likely that everyone has been exposed to them through food (fish and meats), water, and even old light fixtures. PCBs are easily absorbed by the body, and like other lipophilic compounds they have to be metabolized by the members of the cytochrome P450 system. People with lower activities of some cytochrome P450 enzymes may be under higher risk of PCB build-up due their slower excretion rates from the body.

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